{"id":4586,"date":"2022-05-15T11:11:58","date_gmt":"2022-05-15T11:11:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/california-statutes\/?page_id=4586"},"modified":"2022-05-24T16:35:38","modified_gmt":"2022-05-24T16:35:38","slug":"california-civil-code-3294","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/california-statutes\/california-statutes\/california-civil-code-3294\/","title":{"rendered":"California Civil Code 3294"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3774a8l-31cbc9a1a9b57906ce331a3244b81da2\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-l3774a8l-31cbc9a1a9b57906ce331a3244b81da2{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-l3774a8l-31cbc9a1a9b57906ce331a3244b81da2 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-l3774a8l-31cbc9a1a9b57906ce331a3244b81da2 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-l3774a8l-31cbc9a1a9b57906ce331a3244b81da2 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_above'><p>California<\/p>\n<\/div><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Civil Code &#8211; CIV \u00a7 3294<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-3a876428eececa9d35452247ddb053af\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-av_hr-3a876428eececa9d35452247ddb053af{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-3a876428eececa9d35452247ddb053af hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" 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#searchsubmit{\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-4ee94ae86cde3b232e718bb4ac84e6ad .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-4ee94ae86cde3b232e718bb4ac84e6ad  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_hr '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/california-statutes\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-4ee94ae86cde3b232e718bb4ac84e6ad' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CA statutes' aria-label='Search CA statutes' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='10' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-3a876428eececa9d35452247ddb053af\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-av_hr-3a876428eececa9d35452247ddb053af{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-3a876428eececa9d35452247ddb053af hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_avia_sc_search  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3776h2q-78a12f31155bf2a35b608549512aa679 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"subsection\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"subsection\">\n<div class=\"subsection\">\n<p>(a)\u2002In an action for the breach of an obligation not arising from contract, where it is proven by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice, the plaintiff, in addition to the actual damages, may recover damages for the sake of example and by way of punishing the defendant.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"subsection\">\n<p>(b)\u2002An employer shall not be liable for damages pursuant to subdivision (a), based upon acts of an employee of the employer, unless the employer had advance knowledge of the unfitness of the employee and employed him or her with a conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others or authorized or ratified the wrongful conduct for which the damages are awarded or was personally guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice. \u2002With respect to a corporate employer, the advance knowledge and conscious disregard, authorization, ratification or act of oppression, fraud, or malice must be on the part of an officer, director, or managing agent of the corporation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"subsection\">\n<p>(c)\u2002As used in this section, the following definitions shall apply:<\/p>\n<div class=\"subsection\">\n<p>(1)\u2002\u201c<span class=\"wordphrase\">Malice<\/span>\u201d means conduct which is intended by the defendant to cause injury to the plaintiff or despicable conduct which is carried on by the defendant with a willful and conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"subsection\">\n<p>(2)\u2002\u201c<span class=\"wordphrase\">Oppression<\/span>\u201d means despicable conduct that subjects a person to cruel and unjust hardship in conscious disregard of that person&#8217;s rights.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"subsection\">\n<p>(3)\u2002\u201c<span class=\"wordphrase\">Fraud<\/span>\u201d means an intentional misrepresentation, deceit, or concealment of a material fact known to the defendant with the intention on the part of the defendant of thereby depriving a person of property or legal rights or otherwise causing injury.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"subsection\">\n<p>(d)\u2002Damages may be recovered pursuant to this section in an action pursuant to\u00a0<span class=\"added-material\">Chapter 4 (commencing with<\/span>\u00a0Section\u00a0<span class=\"added-material\"><span class=\"cite\">377.10\u00a0<\/span>) of Title 3 of Part 2<\/span>\u00a0of the Code of Civil Procedure based upon a death which resulted from a homicide for which the defendant has been convicted of a felony, whether or not the decedent died instantly or survived the fatal injury for some period of time. \u2002The procedures for joinder and consolidation contained in\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">Section 377.62 of the Code of Civil Procedure\u00a0<\/span>shall apply to prevent multiple recoveries of punitive or exemplary damages based upon the same wrongful act.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"subsection\">\n<p>(e)\u2002The amendments to this section made by Chapter 1498 of the Statutes of 1987 apply to all actions in which the initial trial has not commenced prior to January 1, 1988.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":2019,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4586","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>California Civil Code 3294 - California Statutes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/california-statutes\/california-statutes\/california-civil-code-3294\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" 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