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Writers and Authors

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Originate and prepare written material, such as scripts, stories, advertisements, and other material.

Sample of reported job titles: Advertising Associate, Advertising Copy Writer, Advertising Writer, Communications Specialist, Copy Writer, Copywriter, Freelance Copywriter, Web Content Writer

Also see: Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers

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Tasks  |  Technology Skills  |  Tools Used  |  Knowledge  |  Skills  |  Abilities  |  Work Activities  |  Detailed Work Activities  |  Work Context  |  Job Zone  |  Credentials  |  Interests  |  Work Styles  |  Work Values  |  Related Occupations  |  Wages & Employment  |  Job Openings  |  Additional Information

Tasks

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  • Discuss with the client the product, advertising themes and methods, and any changes that should be made in advertising copy.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Present drafts and ideas to clients.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Vary language and tone of messages based on product and medium.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Develop advertising campaigns for a wide range of clients, working with an advertising agency’s creative director and art director to determine the best way to present advertising information.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Write articles, bulletins, sales letters, speeches, and other related informative, marketing and promotional material.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Conduct research and interviews to determine which of a product’s selling features should be promoted.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Invent names for products and write the slogans that appear on packaging, brochures and other promotional material.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Review advertising trends, consumer surveys, and other data regarding marketing of goods and services to determine the best way to promote products.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Collaborate with other writers on specific projects.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Conduct research to obtain factual information and authentic detail, using sources such as newspaper accounts, diaries, and interviews.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Consult with sales, media and marketing representatives to obtain information on product or service and discuss style and length of advertising written material.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Edit or rewrite existing written material as necessary, and submit written material for approval by supervisor, editor, or publisher.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Follow appropriate procedures to get copyrights for completed work.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Plan project arrangements or outlines, and organize material accordingly.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Prepare works in appropriate format for publication, and send them to publishers or producers.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Revise written material to meet personal standards and to satisfy needs of clients, publishers, directors, or producers.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Work with staff to develop script, story, or advertising concepts.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Write advertising material for use by publication, broadcast, or internet media to promote the sale of goods and services.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Write fiction or nonfiction prose, such as short stories, novels, biographies, articles, descriptive or critical analyses, and essays.See more occupations related to this task.
  • Write to customers in their terms and on their level so that the script, story, or advertisement message is more readily received.See more occupations related to this task.

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Technology Skills

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  • Cloud-based data access and sharing software — Google Drive Hot technology ; Microsoft SharePoint Hot technologySee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Customer relationship management CRM software — Blackbaud The Raiser’s EdgeSee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Data base management system software — MySQL Hot technologySee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Data base user interface and query software — FileMaker Pro; Microsoft Access Hot technologySee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Data mining software — Google Analytics Hot technologySee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Desktop communications software — Eko; ParentSquareSee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Desktop publishing software — Adobe Systems Adobe InDesign Hot technology ; Campaign Monitor; QuarkXPressSee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Document management software — Adobe Systems Adobe Acrobat Hot technologySee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Electronic mail software — Microsoft Outlook Hot technology ; SendGridSee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Graphics or photo imaging software — Adobe Systems Adobe Creative Cloud Hot technology ; Adobe Systems Adobe Illustrator Hot technology ; Adobe Systems Adobe Photoshop Hot technologySee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Instant messaging software — TwitterSee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Office suite software — Microsoft Office Hot technologySee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Presentation software — Adobe Systems Adobe Persuasion; Corel Presentation; Google Slides; Microsoft PowerPoint Hot technologySee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Project management software — Microsoft Project Hot technologySee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Sales and marketing software — Google AdWords Hot technologySee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Spreadsheet software — Microsoft Excel Hot technologySee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Video creation and editing software — Adobe Systems Adobe After Effects Hot technology ; Flipgrid; Loom; YouTube Hot technology (see all 9 examples)See more occupations related to this technology.
  • Web page creation and editing software — Adobe Systems Adobe Dreamweaver; Facebook Hot technology ; LinkedIn Hot technology ; Social media sites Hot technology (see all 5 examples)See more occupations related to this technology.
  • Web platform development software — Drupal Hot technology ; Hypertext markup language HTML Hot technology ; PHP Hot technologySee more occupations related to this technology.
  • Word processing software — Google Docs Hot technology ; Microsoft Word Hot technologySee more occupations related to this technology.

Hot technology Hot Technology — a technology requirement frequently included in employer job postings.

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Knowledge

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  • English Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar.See more occupations related to this knowledge.
  • Communications and Media — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.See more occupations related to this knowledge.
  • Sales and Marketing — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.See more occupations related to this knowledge.
  • Customer and Personal Service — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.See more occupations related to this knowledge.
  • Computers and Electronics — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.See more occupations related to this knowledge.

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Skills

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  • Reading Comprehension — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.See more occupations related to this skill.
  • Writing — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.See more occupations related to this skill.
  • Active Listening — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.See more occupations related to this skill.
  • Speaking — Talking to others to convey information effectively.See more occupations related to this skill.
  • Critical Thinking — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.See more occupations related to this skill.
  • Complex Problem Solving — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.See more occupations related to this skill.
  • Judgment and Decision Making — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.See more occupations related to this skill.
  • Coordination — Adjusting actions in relation to others’ actions.See more occupations related to this skill.
  • Persuasion — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.See more occupations related to this skill.
  • Social Perceptiveness — Being aware of others’ reactions and understanding why they react as they do.See more occupations related to this skill.
  • Time Management — Managing one’s own time and the time of others.See more occupations related to this skill.
  • Active Learning — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.See more occupations related to this skill.
  • Monitoring — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.See more occupations related to this skill.

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Abilities

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  • Written Comprehension — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.See more occupations related to this ability.
  • Written Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.See more occupations related to this ability.
  • Oral Comprehension — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.See more occupations related to this ability.
  • Oral Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.See more occupations related to this ability.
  • Near Vision — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).See more occupations related to this ability.
  • Originality — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.See more occupations related to this ability.
  • Fluency of Ideas — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).See more occupations related to this ability.
  • Problem Sensitivity — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.See more occupations related to this ability.
  • Deductive Reasoning — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.See more occupations related to this ability.
  • Information Ordering — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).See more occupations related to this ability.
  • Inductive Reasoning — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).See more occupations related to this ability.
  • Speech Clarity — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.See more occupations related to this ability.
  • Speech Recognition — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.See more occupations related to this ability.
  • Category Flexibility — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.See more occupations related to this ability.
  • Selective Attention — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.See more occupations related to this ability.

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Work Activities

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  • Getting Information — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Thinking Creatively — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Communicating with People Outside the Organization — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Making Decisions and Solving Problems — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Selling or Influencing Others — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Working with Computers — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Analyzing Data or Information — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Developing Objectives and Strategies — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Performing for or Working Directly with the Public — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Processing Information — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Developing and Building Teams — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Documenting/Recording Information — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Providing Consultation and Advice to Others — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Scheduling Work and Activities — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.See more occupations related to this activity.

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Detailed Work Activities

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  • Confer with clients to determine needs.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Write advertising or promotional material.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Present work to clients for approval.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Develop promotional strategies or plans.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Conduct market research.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Monitor current trends.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Write material for artistic or entertainment purposes.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Edit written materials.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Collaborate with others in marketing activities.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Collaborate with others to prepare or perform artistic productions.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Conduct research to inform art, designs, or other work.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Coordinate artistic activities.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Discuss production content and progress with others.See more occupations related to this activity.
  • Obtain copyrights or other legal permissions.See more occupations related to this activity.

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Work Context

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  • Indoors, Environmentally Controlled — How often does this job require working indoors in environmentally controlled conditions?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Electronic Mail — How often do you use electronic mail in this job?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Contact With Others — How much does this job require the worker to be in contact with others (face-to-face, by telephone, or otherwise) in order to perform it?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Face-to-Face Discussions — How often do you have to have face-to-face discussions with individuals or teams in this job?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Telephone — How often do you have telephone conversations in this job?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Time Pressure — How often does this job require the worker to meet strict deadlines?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Work With Work Group or Team — How important is it to work with others in a group or team in this job?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Coordinate or Lead Others — How important is it to coordinate or lead others in accomplishing work activities in this job?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Structured versus Unstructured Work — To what extent is this job structured for the worker, rather than allowing the worker to determine tasks, priorities, and goals?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Deal With External Customers — How important is it to work with external customers or the public in this job?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Freedom to Make Decisions — How much decision making freedom, without supervision, does the job offer?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate — How important is being very exact or highly accurate in performing this job?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Letters and Memos — How often does the job require written letters and memos?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Spend Time Sitting — How much does this job require sitting?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results — What results do your decisions usually have on other people or the image or reputation or financial resources of your employer?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Frequency of Decision Making — How frequently is the worker required to make decisions that affect other people, the financial resources, and/or the image and reputation of the organization?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Level of Competition — To what extent does this job require the worker to compete or to be aware of competitive pressures?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Frequency of Conflict Situations — How often are there conflict situations the employee has to face in this job?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Deal With Unpleasant or Angry People — How frequently does the worker have to deal with unpleasant, angry, or discourteous individuals as part of the job requirements?See more occupations related to this work context.
  • Responsibility for Outcomes and Results — How responsible is the worker for work outcomes and results of other workers?See more occupations related to this work context.

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Job Zone

Title Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed
Education Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor’s degree, but some do not.
Related Experience A considerable amount of work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is needed for these occupations. For example, an accountant must complete four years of college and work for several years in accounting to be considered qualified.
Job Training Employees in these occupations usually need several years of work-related experience, on-the-job training, and/or vocational training.
Job Zone Examples Many of these occupations involve coordinating, supervising, managing, or training others. Examples include real estate brokers, sales managers, database administrators, graphic designers, chemists, art directors, and cost estimators.
SVP Range (7.0 to < 8.0)

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Credentials

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Interests

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Interest code: EAC   Want to discover your interests? Take the O*NET Interest Profiler at My Next Move.

  • Enterprising — Enterprising occupations frequently involve starting up and carrying out projects. These occupations can involve leading people and making many decisions. Sometimes they require risk taking and often deal with business.See more occupations related to this interest.
  • Artistic — Artistic occupations frequently involve working with forms, designs and patterns. They often require self-expression and the work can be done without following a clear set of rules.See more occupations related to this interest.
  • Conventional — Conventional occupations frequently involve following set procedures and routines. These occupations can include working with data and details more than with ideas. Usually there is a clear line of authority to follow.See more occupations related to this interest.

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Work Styles

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  • Attention to Detail — Job requires being careful about detail and thorough in completing work tasks.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Dependability — Job requires being reliable, responsible, and dependable, and fulfilling obligations.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Innovation — Job requires creativity and alternative thinking to develop new ideas for and answers to work-related problems.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Integrity — Job requires being honest and ethical.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Cooperation — Job requires being pleasant with others on the job and displaying a good-natured, cooperative attitude.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Adaptability/Flexibility — Job requires being open to change (positive or negative) and to considerable variety in the workplace.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Initiative — Job requires a willingness to take on responsibilities and challenges.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Achievement/Effort — Job requires establishing and maintaining personally challenging achievement goals and exerting effort toward mastering tasks.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Stress Tolerance — Job requires accepting criticism and dealing calmly and effectively with high-stress situations.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Persistence — Job requires persistence in the face of obstacles.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Self-Control — Job requires maintaining composure, keeping emotions in check, controlling anger, and avoiding aggressive behavior, even in very difficult situations.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Independence — Job requires developing one’s own ways of doing things, guiding oneself with little or no supervision, and depending on oneself to get things done.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Concern for Others — Job requires being sensitive to others’ needs and feelings and being understanding and helpful on the job.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Leadership — Job requires a willingness to lead, take charge, and offer opinions and direction.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Analytical Thinking — Job requires analyzing information and using logic to address work-related issues and problems.See more occupations related to this work style.
  • Social Orientation — Job requires preferring to work with others rather than alone, and being personally connected with others on the job.See more occupations related to this work style.

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Work Values

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  • Achievement — Occupations that satisfy this work value are results oriented and allow employees to use their strongest abilities, giving them a feeling of accomplishment. Corresponding needs are Ability Utilization and Achievement.See more occupations related to this work value.
  • Support — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer supportive management that stands behind employees. Corresponding needs are Company Policies, Supervision: Human Relations and Supervision: Technical.See more occupations related to this work value.
  • Working Conditions — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer job security and good working conditions. Corresponding needs are Activity, Compensation, Independence, Security, Variety and Working Conditions.See more occupations related to this work value.

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Related Occupations

Show fewer All 9 displayed
13-1161.00 Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists Bright Outlook
27-2012.00 Producers and Directors Bright Outlook
27-3011.00 Broadcast Announcers and Radio Disc Jockeys Bright Outlook
27-3023.00 News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists
27-3031.00 Public Relations Specialists   Bright Outlook Bright Outlook
27-3041.00 Editors
27-3043.05 Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers
41-3011.00 Advertising Sales Agents
41-3021.00 Insurance Sales Agents

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Wages & Employment Trends

Median wages (2020) $32.27 hourly, $67,120 annual
State wages
 
Local wages
  
Employment (2020) 143,200 employees
Projected growth (2020-2030) Average (5% to 10%) Average (5% to 10%)
Projected job openings (2020-2030) 15,400
State trends
 

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2020 wage data external site and 2020-2030 employment projections external site. “Projected growth” represents the estimated change in total employment over the projections period (2020-2030). “Projected job openings” represent openings due to growth and replacement.

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Job Openings on the Web

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Sources of Additional Information

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Disclaimer: Sources are listed to provide additional information on related jobs, specialties, and/or industries. Links to non-DOL Internet sites are provided for your convenience and do not constitute an endorsement.

  • American Grant Writers’ Association external site
  • American Society of Journalists and Authors external site
  • Association of Writers and Writing Programs external site
  • Boating Writers International external site
  • Circulo Creativo external site
  • National Association of Science Writers external site
  • Occupational Outlook Handbook: Writers and authors external site
  • Society of Professional Journalists external site
  • Writers Guild of America East external site

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