{"id":1022,"date":"2021-10-25T04:03:32","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:03:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1022"},"modified":"2022-05-03T21:49:00","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T21:49:00","slug":"caci-1803-appropriation-of-name-or-likeness-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1803-appropriation-of-name-or-likeness-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1803 Appropriation of Name or Likeness\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7zvkoa-e589e1cf702f775cae00f925b29db331\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku7zvkoa-e589e1cf702f775cae00f925b29db331{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku7zvkoa-e589e1cf702f775cae00f925b29db331 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku7zvkoa-e589e1cf702f775cae00f925b29db331 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku7zvkoa-e589e1cf702f775cae00f925b29db331 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 1803 Appropriation of Name or Likeness\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7zx7sr-b20fac8f72b867f1c609caaaf8f94ab4\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku7zx7sr-b20fac8f72b867f1c609caaaf8f94ab4 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku7zx7sr-b20fac8f72b867f1c609caaaf8f94ab4 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1803\u00a0Appropriation of Name or Likeness\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] violated [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] right to privacy. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] used [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s name, likeness, or identity;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not consent to this use;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] gained a commercial benefit [or some other advantage] by using [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s name, likeness, or identity;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised December 2014, November 2017, May 2020 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>If the plaintiff is asserting more than one privacy right, give an introductory instruction stating that a person\u2019s right to privacy can be violated in more than one way and listing the legal theories under which the plaintiff is suing.<\/p>\n<p>If the alleged \u201cbenefit\u201d is not commercial, the judge will need to determine whether the advantage gained by the defendant qualifies as \u201csome other advantage.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>If suing under both the common law and\u00a0Civil Code section 3344, the judge may need to explain that a person\u2019s voice, for example, may qualify as \u201cidentity\u201d if the voice is sufficient to cause listeners to identify the plaintiff. The two causes of action overlap, and the same conduct should be covered by both.<\/p>\n<p>Even if the elements are established, the\u00a0First Amendment\u00a0may require that the right to be protected from unauthorized publicity be balanced against the public interest in the dissemination of news and information. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gionfriddo v. Major League Baseball<\/span>\u00a0(2001) 94 Cal.App.4th 400, 409 [114 Cal.Rptr.2d 307].) In a closely related right-of-publicity claim, the California Supreme Court has held that an artist who is faced with a challenge to the artist\u2019s work may raise as affirmative defense that the work is protected by the\u00a0First Amendment\u00a0because it contains significant transformative elements or that the value of the work does not derive primarily from the celebrity\u2019s fame. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Comedy III Productions, Inc. v. Gary Saderup, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2001) 25 Cal.4th 387, 407 [106 Cal.Rptr.2d 126, 21 P.3d 797]; see\u00a0CACI No. 1805,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Affirmative Defense to Use or Appropriation of Name or Likeness\u2014First Amendment\u00a0(Comedy III)<\/span>.) Therefore, if there is an issue of fact regarding a\u00a0First Amendment\u00a0balancing test, it most probably should be considered to be an affirmative defense. (Cf.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gionfriddo, supra<\/span>, 94 Cal.App.4th at p. 414\u00a0[\u201cGiven the significant public interest in this sport, plaintiffs can only prevail if they demonstrate a substantial competing interest\u201d].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA common law misappropriation claim is pleaded by \u2018alleging: \u201c(1) the defendant\u2019s use of the plaintiff\u2019s identity; (2) the appropriation of plaintiff\u2019s name or likeness to defendant\u2019s advantage, commercially or otherwise; (3) lack of consent; and (4) resulting injury. [Citations.]\u201d [Citation.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Maxwell v. Dolezal<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 93, 97 [179 Cal.Rptr.3d 807].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[T]he right of publicity has come to be recognized as distinct from the right of privacy\u2019. \u2018What may have originated as a concern for the right to be left alone has become a tool to control the commercial use and, thus, protect the economic value of one\u2019s name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness.\u2019 \u2018What the right of publicity holder possesses is \u2026 a right to prevent others from misappropriating the economic value generated \u2026 through the merchandising of the \u2018name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness\u2019 of the [holder].\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Timed Out, LLC v. Youabian, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 229 Cal.App.4th 1001, 1006 [177 Cal.Rptr.3d 773], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe common law cause of action may be stated by pleading the defendant\u2019s unauthorized use of the plaintiff\u2019s identity; the appropriation of the plaintiff\u2019s name, voice, likeness, signature, or photograph to the defendant\u2019s advantage, commercially or otherwise; and resulting injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ross v. Roberts<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 677, 684\u2013685 [166 Cal.Rptr.3d 359].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[B]oth the statutory and common law versions of a right of publicity claim require that the defendant actually use the plaintiff\u2019s likeness\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cross v. Facebook, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 14 Cal.App.5th 190, 210 [222 Cal.Rptr.3d 250].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCalifornia common law has generally followed Prosser\u2019s classification of privacy interests as embodied in the Restatement.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hill v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn.<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 7 Cal.4th 1, 24 [26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cConsent to the use of a name or likeness is determined by traditional principles of contract interpretation.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Local TV, LLC v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 1, 8 [206 Cal.Rptr.3d 884].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he appearance of an \u2018endorsement\u2019 is not the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">sine qua non<\/span>\u00a0of a claim for commercial appropriation.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Eastwood v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1983) 149 Cal.App.3d 409, 419 [198 Cal.Rptr. 342].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[N]o cause of action will lie for the \u2018[p]ublication of matters in the public interest, which rests on the right of the public to know and the freedom of the press to tell it.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Montana v. San Jose Mercury News<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 34 Cal.App.4th 790, 793 [40 Cal.Rptr.2d 639], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe difficulty in defining the boundaries of the right, as applied in the publication field, is inherent in the necessity of balancing the public interest in the dissemination of news, information and education against the individuals\u2019 interest in peace of mind and freedom from emotional disturbances. When words relating to or actual pictures of a person or his name are published, the circumstances may indicate that public interest is predominant. Factors deserving consideration may include the medium of publication, the extent of the use, the public interest served by the publication, and the seriousness of the interference with the person\u2019s privacy.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gill v. Curtis Publishing Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1952) 38 Cal.2d 273, 278\u2013279 [239 P.2d 630].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cEven if each of these elements is established, however, the common law right does not provide relief for every publication of a person\u2019s name or likeness. The\u00a0First Amendment\u00a0requires that the right to be protected from unauthorized publicity \u2018be balanced against the public interest in the dissemination of news and information consistent with the democratic processes under the constitutional guaranties of freedom of speech and of the press.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gionfriddo, supra,<\/span>\u00a094 Cal.App.4th at pp. 409\u2013410, internal citations and footnote omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cPublic interest attaches to people who by their accomplishments or mode of living create a bona fide attention to their activities.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Dora v. Frontline Video, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 536, 542 [18 Cal.Rptr.2d 790], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he fourth category of invasion of privacy, namely, appropriation, \u2018has been\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">complemented<\/span>\u00a0legislatively by\u00a0Civil Code section 3344, adopted in 1971.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Eastwood, supra<\/span>, 149 Cal.App.3d at pp. 416\u2013417.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009\u2009784\u2013786<\/div>\n<div>4 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 46,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Invasion of Privacy<\/span>, \u00a7\u200946.05\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>37\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 429,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Privacy<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009429.35, 429.36 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>18\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 184,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Privacy: Invasion of Privacy<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009184.21\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u2009\u200920:16 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7q2b5q-9ca6d004c1c6c270e11be8c043a68291 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6dp1z2-7e3a36d44b84beae04965e45e444ed91\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-6dp1z2-7e3a36d44b84beae04965e45e444ed91 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-6dp1z2-7e3a36d44b84beae04965e45e444ed91 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1022","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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