{"id":1025,"date":"2021-10-25T04:03:16","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:03:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1025"},"modified":"2022-05-03T20:49:13","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T20:49:13","slug":"caci-1800-intrusion-into-private-affairs","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-1800-intrusion-into-private-affairs\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 1800 Intrusion Into Private Affairs"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7yytck-f2909810038c3cc64de22164cd0b8757\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku7yytck-f2909810038c3cc64de22164cd0b8757{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku7yytck-f2909810038c3cc64de22164cd0b8757 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku7yytck-f2909810038c3cc64de22164cd0b8757 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku7yytck-f2909810038c3cc64de22164cd0b8757 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 1800 Intrusion Into Private Affairs<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku7yzxx7-6537e9166ae7444d92474531f754849e\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku7yzxx7-6537e9166ae7444d92474531f754849e .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku7yzxx7-6537e9166ae7444d92474531f754849e '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">1800\u00a0Intrusion Into Private Affairs<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] violated [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] right to privacy. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had a reasonable expectation of privacy in [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify place or other circumstance<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] intentionally intruded in [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify place or other circumstance<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s intrusion would be highly offensive to a reasonable person;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">In deciding whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had a reasonable expectation of privacy in [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify place or other circumstance<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], you should consider, among other factors, the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(a)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The identity of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(b)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The extent to which other persons had access to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify place or other circumstance<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] and could see or hear [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(c)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The means by which the intrusion occurred.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">In deciding whether an intrusion is highly offensive to a reasonable person, you should consider, among other factors, the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(a)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The extent of the intrusion;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(b)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s motives and goals; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(c)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The setting in which the intrusion occurred. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised June 2010 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>If the plaintiff is asserting more than one privacy right, give an introductory instruction stating that a person\u2019s right to privacy can be violated in more than one way and listing the legal theories under which the plaintiff is suing. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSeventy years after Warren and Brandeis proposed a right to privacy, Dean William L. Prosser analyzed the case law development of the invasion of privacy tort, distilling four distinct kinds of activities violating the privacy protection and giving rise to tort liability: (1) intrusion into private matters; (2) public disclosure of private facts; (3) publicity placing a person in a false light; and (4) misappropriation of a person\u2019s name or likeness\u2009\u2026\u2009.Prosser\u2019s classification was adopted by the Restatement Second of Torts in sections 652A\u2013652E. California common law has generally followed Prosser\u2019s classification of privacy interests as embodied in the Restatement.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hill v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn.<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 7 Cal.4th 1, 24 [26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">The tort of intrusion \u201cencompasses unconsented-to physical intrusion into the home, hospital room or other place the privacy of which is legally recognized, as well as unwarranted sensory intrusions such as eavesdropping, wiretapping, and visual or photographic spying.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shulman v. Group W Productions, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 18 Cal.4th 200, 230 [74 Cal.Rptr.2d 843, 955 P.2d 469], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">The right of privacy was first recognized in California in the case of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Melvin v. Reid<\/span>\u00a0(1931) 112 Cal.App. 285, 291 [297 P. 91]. The court found a legal foundation for the tort in the right to pursue and obtain happiness found in\u00a0article I, section 1 of the California Constitution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe foregoing arguments have been framed throughout this action in terms of both the common law and the state Constitution. These two sources of privacy protection \u2018are not unrelated\u2019 under California law. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shulman, supra<\/span>, 18 Cal.4th 200, 227; accord,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hill, supra<\/span>, 7 Cal.4th 1, 27; but see\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Katzberg v. Regents of University of California<\/span>\u00a0(2002) 29 Cal.4th 300, 313, fn. 13 [127 Cal.Rptr.2d 482, 58 P.3d 339]\u00a0[suggesting it is an open question whether the state constitutional privacy provision, which is otherwise self-executing and serves as the basis for injunctive relief, can also provide direct and sole support for a damages claim].)\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hernandez v. Hillsides, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 47 Cal.4th 272, 286 [97 Cal.Rptr.3d 274, 211 P.3d 1063].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]e will assess the parties\u2019 claims and the undisputed evidence under the rubric of both the common law and constitutional tests for establishing a privacy violation. Borrowing certain shorthand language from\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hill, supra<\/span>, 7 Cal.4th 1, which distilled the largely parallel elements of these two causes of action, we consider (1) the nature of any intrusion upon reasonable expectations of privacy, and (2) the offensiveness or seriousness of the intrusion, including any justification and other relevant interests.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hernandez, supra<\/span>, 47 Cal.4th at p. 288.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">The element of intrusion \u201cis not met when the plaintiff has merely been observed, or even photographed or recorded, in a public place. Rather, \u2018the plaintiff must show the defendant penetrated some zone of physical or sensory privacy surrounding, or obtained unwanted access to data about, the plaintiff.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Sanders v. American Broadcasting Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 20 Cal.4th 907, 914\u2013915 [85 Cal.Rptr.2d 909, 978 P.2d 67], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAs to the first element of the common law tort, the defendant must have \u2018penetrated some zone of physical or sensory privacy \u2026 or obtained unwanted access to data\u2019 by electronic or other covert means, in violation of the law or social norms. In either instance, the expectation of privacy must be \u2018objectively reasonable.\u2019 In\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Sanders<\/span>\u00a0[<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, at p. 907]\u2009\u2026\u2009, this court linked the reasonableness of privacy expectations to such factors as (1) the identity of the intruder, (2) the extent to which other persons had access to the subject place, and could see or hear the plaintiff, and (3) the means by which the intrusion occurred.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hernandez, supra<\/span>, 47 Cal.4th at pp. 286\u2013287.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">The plaintiff does not have to prove that he or she had a \u201ccomplete expectation of privacy\u201d: \u201cPrivacy for purposes of the intrusion tort must be evaluated with respect to the identity of the alleged intruder and the nature of the intrusion.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Sanders, supra,<\/span>\u00a020 Cal.4th at pp. 917\u2013918.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe second common law element essentially involves a \u2018policy\u2019 determination as to whether the alleged intrusion is \u2018highly offensive\u2019 under the particular circumstances. Relevant factors include the degree and setting of the intrusion, and the intruder\u2019s motives and objectives. Even in cases involving the use of photographic and electronic recording devices, which can raise difficult questions about covert surveillance, \u2018California tort law provides no bright line on [\u201coffensiveness\u201d]; each case must be taken on its facts.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hernandez, supra<\/span>, 47 Cal. 4th at p. 287, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhile what is \u2018highly offensive to a reasonable person\u2019 suggests a standard upon which a jury would properly be instructed, there is a preliminary determination of \u2018offensiveness\u2019 which must be made by the court in discerning the existence of a cause of action for intrusion.\u2009\u2026 A court determining the existence of \u2018offensiveness\u2019 would consider the degree of intrusion, the context, conduct and circumstances surrounding the intrusion as well as the intruder\u2019s motives and objectives, the setting into which he intrudes, and the expectations of those whose privacy is invaded.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Miller v. National Broadcasting Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 1463, 1483\u20131484 [232 Cal.Rptr. 668].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cPlaintiffs must show more than an intrusion upon reasonable privacy expectations. Actionable invasions of privacy also must be \u2018highly offensive\u2019 to a reasonable person, and \u2018sufficiently serious\u2019 and unwarranted as to constitute an \u2018egregious breach of the social norms.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hernandez, supra<\/span>, 47 Cal.4th at p. 295, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[L]iability under the intrusion tort requires that the invasion be highly offensive to a reasonable person, considering, among other factors, the motive of the alleged intruder.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Sanders, supra,<\/span>\u00a020 Cal.4th at p. 911, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Damages flowing from an invasion of privacy \u201clogically would include an award for mental suffering and anguish.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Miller, supra,<\/span>\u00a0187 Cal.App.3d at p. 1484, citing\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fairfield v. American Photocopy Equipment Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1955) 138 Cal.App.2d 82 [291 P.2d 194].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Related statutory actions can be brought for stalking (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20091708.7), invasion of privacy to capture physical impression (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20091708.8), and eavesdropping and wiretapping (Pen. Code, \u00a7\u2009637.2).\u00a0Civil Code section 1708.8\u00a0was enacted in 1998 as an anti-paparazzi measure. To date there are no reported cases based on this statute. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009\u2009756, 757, 762\u2013765<\/div>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u20091887<\/div>\n<div>4 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 46,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Invasion of Privacy<\/span>, \u00a7\u200946.02\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>37\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 429,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Privacy<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009429.16\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>18\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 183,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Privacy: State Constitutional Rights<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009183.30\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u200920:8 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-87ciup-b0222082309c6007fa0c77922a7b4f84 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6752lt-5baf6e4bb313bea1a5bdfc5a7056776d\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-6752lt-5baf6e4bb313bea1a5bdfc5a7056776d .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-6752lt-5baf6e4bb313bea1a5bdfc5a7056776d '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1025","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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