{"id":1108,"date":"2021-10-25T03:50:08","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:50:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1108"},"modified":"2022-05-05T15:42:22","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T15:42:22","slug":"caci-2000-trespass-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-2000-trespass-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 2000 Trespass\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku824jn7-6e87ae28a43279801d995f7f6b01aa29\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku824jn7-6e87ae28a43279801d995f7f6b01aa29{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku824jn7-6e87ae28a43279801d995f7f6b01aa29 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku824jn7-6e87ae28a43279801d995f7f6b01aa29 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku824jn7-6e87ae28a43279801d995f7f6b01aa29 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 2000 Trespass\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku825sxx-dbd507a1bb58352fe9c30c56d492f341\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku825sxx-dbd507a1bb58352fe9c30c56d492f341 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku825sxx-dbd507a1bb58352fe9c30c56d492f341 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">2000\u00a0Trespass\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] trespassed on [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/its] property. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [owned\/leased\/occupied\/controlled] the property;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [intentionally\/, although not intending to do so, [recklessly [or] negligently]] entered [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s property] [or]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[intentionally\/, although not intending to do so, [recklessly [or] negligently]] caused [another person\/[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert name of thing<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] to enter [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s property];<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not give permission for the entry [or that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] exceeded [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s permission];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was [actually] harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s [entry\/conduct] was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[Entry can be on, above, or below the surface of the land.]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[Entry may occur indirectly, such as by causing vibrations that damage the land or structures or other improvements on the land.] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised June 2013, May 2020 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>With regard to element 2, liability for trespass may be imposed for conduct that is intentional, reckless, negligent, or the result of an extra-hazardous activity. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Staples v. Hoefke<\/span>\u00a0(1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 1397, 1406 [235 Cal.Rptr. 165].) However, intent to trespass means only that the person intended to be in the particular place where the trespass is alleged to have occurred. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Miller v. National Broadcasting Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 1463, 1480\u20131481 [232 Cal.Rptr. 668].) Liability may be also based on the defendant\u2019s unintentional, but negligent or reckless, act, for example, an automobile accident. An intent to damage is not necessary. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Meyer v. Pacific Employers Insurance Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1965) 233 Cal.App.2d 321, 326 [43 Cal.Rptr. 542].)<\/p>\n<p>It is no defense that the defendant mistakenly, but in good faith, believed that the defendant had a right to be in that location. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cassinos v. Union Oil Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 1770, 1780 [18 Cal.Rptr.2d 574].) In such a case, the word \u201cintentionally\u201d in element 2 might be confusing to the jury. To alleviate this possible confusion, give the third option to\u00a0CACI No. 2004,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">\u201cIntentional Entry\u201d Explained<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>If plaintiff is seeking nominal damages as an alternative to actual damages, insert the following paragraph above element 4, add \u201cand\u201d at the end of element 2, and adjust punctuation accordingly:<\/p>\n<p>If you find all of the above, then the law assumes that [<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span>] has been harmed and [<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span>] is entitled to a nominal sum such as one dollar. [<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span>] is entitled to additional damages if [<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span>] proves the following:<\/p>\n<p>The last sentence of the above paragraph, along with the final two elements of this instruction, should be omitted if plaintiff is seeking nominal damages only. Read \u201cactually\u201d in the fourth element only if nominal damages are also being sought.<\/p>\n<p>Nominal damages alone are not available in cases involving intangible intrusions such as noise and vibrations; proof of actual damage to the property is required: \u201c[T]he rule is that actionable trespass may not be predicated upon nondamaging noise, odor, or light intrusion \u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">San Diego Gas &amp; Electric Co. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 13 Cal.4th 893, 936 [55 Cal.Rptr.2d 724, 920 P.2d 669], internal citation omitted.)<\/p>\n<p>For an instruction on control of property, see\u00a0CACI No.\u20021002,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Extent of Control Over Premises Area<\/span>, in the Premises Liability series. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cGenerally, landowners and tenants have a right to exclude persons from trespassing on private property; the right to exclude persons is a fundamental aspect of private property ownership.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ralphs Grocery Co. v. Victory Consultants, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 17 Cal.App.5th 245, 258 [225 Cal.Rptr.3d 305].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Trespass is an unlawful interference with possession of property.\u2019 The elements of trespass are: (1) the plaintiff\u2019s ownership or control of the property; (2) the defendant\u2019s intentional, reckless, or negligent entry onto the property; (3) lack of permission for the entry or acts in excess of permission; (4) harm; and (5) the defendant\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing the harm. (See\u00a0CACI No. 2000.)\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ralphs Grocery Co., supra,<\/span>\u00a017 Cal.App.5th at pp. 261\u2013262, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]n order to state a cause of action for trespass a plaintiff must allege an unauthorized and tangible entry on the land of another, which interfered with the plaintiff\u2019s exclusive possessory rights.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">McBride v. Smith<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 18 Cal.App.5th 1160, 1174 [227 Cal.Rptr.3d 390].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe emission of sound waves which cause actual physical damage to property constitutes a trespass. Liability for trespass may be imposed for conduct which is intentional, reckless, negligent or the result of an extra-hazardous activity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Staples<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 189 Cal.App.3d at p. 1406, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCalifornia\u2019s definition of trespass is considerably narrower than its definition of nuisance. \u2018\u2009\u201cA trespass is an invasion of the interest in the exclusive possession of land, as by entry upon it \u2026\u2009. A nuisance is an interference with the interest in the private use and enjoyment of the land and does not require interference with the possession.\u201d\u2009\u2019 California has adhered firmly to the view that \u2018[t]he cause of action for trespass is designed to protect possessory\u2014not necessarily ownership\u2014interests in land from unlawful interference.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Capogeannis v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 668, 674 [15 Cal.Rptr.2d 796], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn the context of a trespass action, \u2018possession\u2019 is synonymous with \u2018occupation\u2019 and connotes a subjection of property to one\u2019s will and control.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Veiseh v. Stapp<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 35 Cal.App.5th 1099, 1105 [247 Cal.Rptr.3d 868].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[A] trespass may be committed by the continued presence on the land of a structure, chattel, or other thing which the actor has tortiously placed there, whether or not the actor has the ability to remove it.\u2019 Under this definition, \u2018tortious conduct\u2019 denotes that conduct, whether of act or omission, which subjects the actor to liability under the principles of the law of torts.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Newhall Land &amp; Farming Co. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 334, 345 [23 Cal.Rptr.2d 377], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">The common-law distinction between direct and constructive trespass is not followed in California. A trespass may be committed by consequential and indirect injuries as well as by direct and forcible harm. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gallin v. Poulou<\/span>\u00a0(1956) 140 Cal.App.2d 638, 641 [295 P.2d 958].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018It is a well-settled proposition that the proper party plaintiff in an action for trespass to real property is the person in actual possession. No averment of title in plaintiff is necessary. [Citations.]\u2019 \u2026 \u2018A defendant who is a mere stranger to the title will not be allowed to question the title of a plaintiff in possession of the land. It is only where the trespasser claims title himself, or claims under the real owner, that he is allowed to attack the title of the plaintiff whose peaceable possession he has disturbed.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Veiseh, supra<\/span>, 35 Cal.App.5th at p. 1104, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAn action for trespass may technically be maintained only by one whose right to possession has been violated; however, an out-of-possession property owner may recover for an injury to the land by a trespasser which damages the ownership interest.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Smith v. Cap Concrete, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1982) 133 Cal.App.3d 769, 774 [184 Cal.Rptr. 308], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder the forcible entry statutes the fact that a defendant may have title or the right to possession of the land is no defense. The plaintiff\u2019s interest in peaceable even if wrongful possession is secured against forcible intrusion by conferring on him the right to restitution of the premises, the primary remedy, and incidentally awarding damages proximately caused by the forcible entry.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Allen v. McMillion<\/span>\u00a0(1978) 82 Cal.App.3d 211, 218\u2013219 [147 Cal.Rptr. 77], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhere there is a consensual entry, there is no tort, because lack of consent is an element of the wrong.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civic Western Corp. v. Zila Industries, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1977) 66 Cal.App.3d 1, 16\u201317 [135 Cal.Rptr. 915].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018A conditional or restricted consent to enter land creates a privilege to do so only insofar as the condition or restriction is complied with.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civic Western Corp., supra,<\/span>\u00a066 Cal.App.3d at p. 17, quoting\u00a0Rest.2d Torts, \u00a7\u2009168.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhere one has permission to use land for a particular purpose and proceeds to abuse the privilege, or commits any act hostile to the interests of the lessor, he becomes a trespasser. [\u00b6] \u2018A good faith belief that entry has been authorized or permitted provides no excuse for infringement of property rights if consent was not in fact given by the property owner whose rights are at issue. Accordingly, by showing they gave no authorization, [plaintiffs] established the lack of consent necessary to support their action for injury to their ownership interests.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cassinos<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 14 Cal.App.4th at p. 1780, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[T]he intent required as a basis for liability as a trespasser is simply an intent to be at the place on the land where the trespass allegedly occurred \u2026\u2009. The defendant is liable for an intentional entry although he has acted in good faith, under the mistaken belief, however reasonable, that he is committing no wrong.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Miller<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 187 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1480\u20131481, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe general rule is simply that damages may be recovered for annoyance and distress, including mental anguish, proximately caused by a trespass.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Armitage v. Decker<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 218 Cal.App.3d 887, 905 [267 Cal.Rptr. 399], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCauses of action for conversion and trespass support an award for exemplary damages.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Krieger v. Pacific Gas &amp; Electric Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1981) 119 Cal.App.3d 137, 148 [173 Cal.Rptr. 751], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt is true that an action for trespass will support an award of nominal damages where actual damages are not shown. However, nominal damages need not be awarded where no actual loss has occurred. \u2018Failure to return a verdict for nominal damages is not in general ground for reversing a judgment or granting a new trial.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Staples, supra,<\/span>\u00a0189 Cal.App.3d at p. 1406, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTrespass may be \u2018\u2009\u201cby personal intrusion of the wrongdoer or by his failure to leave; by throwing or placing something on the land; or by causing the entry of some other person.\u201d\u2009\u2019 A trespass may be on the surface of the land, above it, or below it. The migration of pollutants from one property to another may constitute a trespass, a nuisance, or both.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Martin Marietta Corp. v. Insurance Co. of North America<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 40 Cal.App.4th 1113, 1132 [47 Cal.Rptr.2d 670], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cRespondent\u2019s plant was located in a zone which permitted its operation. It comes within the protection of\u00a0section 731a of the Code of Civil Procedure\u00a0which, subject to certain exceptions, generally provides that where a manufacturing or commercial operation is permitted by local zoning, no private individual can enjoin such an operation. It has been determined, however, that this section does not operate to bar recovery for damages for trespassory invasions of another\u2019s property occasioned by the conduct of such manufacturing or commercial use.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Roberts v. Permanente Corp<\/span>. (1961) 188 Cal.App.2d 526, 529 [10 Cal.Rptr. 519], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A]s a matter of law, [plaintiff] cannot state a cause of action against the [defendants] for trespassing on the Secondary Access Easement because they own that land and her easement does not give her a possessory right, not to mention an exclusive possessory right in that property.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">McBride<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 18 Cal.App.5th at p. 1174.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] failure to comply with one or more provisions of the California Uniform Transfers to Minors Act does not render the grantor\u2019s continued possession and control of the real property unlawful for purposes of the tort of trespass to realty.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Veiseh, supra<\/span>, 35 Cal.App.5th at p. 1107.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009803\u2013805<\/div>\n<div>2 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 17,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nuisance and Trespass<\/span>, \u00a7\u200917.20\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>48\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 550,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Trespass<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009550.11, 550.19 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>22\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 225,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Trespass<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009225.20\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1 California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u00a7\u200918:1, 18:4\u201318:8, 18:10 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7shbxw-c69305652bac55dc690833e4d73f6e66 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-58o2qs-102c03955523e7fd3cd0db83dd4575e9\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-58o2qs-102c03955523e7fd3cd0db83dd4575e9 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-58o2qs-102c03955523e7fd3cd0db83dd4575e9 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1108","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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