{"id":1113,"date":"2021-10-25T03:50:08","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:50:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1113"},"modified":"2022-05-05T15:47:56","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T15:47:56","slug":"caci-2021-private-nuisance-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-2021-private-nuisance-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 2021 Private Nuisance\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku8363h4-2e7c3fb46a59faf65ca9c859d0950d44\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku8363h4-2e7c3fb46a59faf65ca9c859d0950d44{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku8363h4-2e7c3fb46a59faf65ca9c859d0950d44 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku8363h4-2e7c3fb46a59faf65ca9c859d0950d44 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku8363h4-2e7c3fb46a59faf65ca9c859d0950d44 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 2021 Private Nuisance\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku837hv6-4d2f8d4d9789d4e2f5509b1ddd6c796a\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku837hv6-4d2f8d4d9789d4e2f5509b1ddd6c796a .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku837hv6-4d2f8d4d9789d4e2f5509b1ddd6c796a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">2021\u00a0Private Nuisance\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] suffered harm because [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">created a nuisance.<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [owned\/leased\/occupied\/controlled] the property;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], by acting or failing to act, created a condition or permitted a condition to exist that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert one or more of the following:<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2002<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[was harmful to health;] [or]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2002<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[was indecent or offensive to the senses;] [or]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2002<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[was an obstruction to the free use of property, so as to interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property;] [or]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2002<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[unlawfully obstructed the free passage or use, in the customary manner, of any navigable lake, or river, bay, stream, canal, or basin, or any public park, square, street, or highway;] [or]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2002<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[was [a\/an] [fire hazard\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify other potentially dangerous condition<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s property;]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct in acting or failing to act was [intentional and unreasonable\/unintentional, but negligent or reckless]\/[the condition that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] created or permitted to exist was the result of an abnormally dangerous activity]];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That this condition substantially interfered with [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s use or enjoyment of [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] land;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">an ordinary person would reasonably be annoyed or disturbed by<\/span>\u00a0[<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[6.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not consent to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct;]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">7.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">8.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">9.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">the seriousness of the harm outweighs the public benefit of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised February 2007, December 2011, December 2015, June 2016, May 2017, May 2018, May 2019 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Private nuisance liability depends on some sort of conduct by the defendant that either directly and unreasonably interferes with the plaintiff\u2019s property or creates a condition that does so. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lussier v. San Lorenzo Valley Water Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(1988) 206 Cal.App.3d 92, 100 [253 Cal.Rptr. 470].) Element 2 requires that the defendant have acted to create a condition or allowed a condition to exist by failing to act.<\/p>\n<p>The act that causes the interference may be intentional and unreasonable. Or it may be unintentional but caused by negligent or reckless conduct. Or it may result from an abnormally dangerous activity for which there is strict liability. However, if the act is intentional but reasonable, or if it is entirely accidental, there is generally no liability. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lussier<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 206 Cal.App.3d at p. 100.)<\/p>\n<p>The intent required is only to do the act that interferes, not an intent to cause harm. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lussier<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 206 Cal.App.3d at pp. 100, 106; see\u00a0Rest.2d Torts, \u00a7\u2009822.) For example, it is sufficient that one intend to chop down a tree; it is not necessary to intend that it fall on a neighbor\u2019s property.<\/p>\n<p>If the condition results from an abnormally dangerous activity, it must be one for which there is strict liability. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lussier<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 206 Cal.App.3d at p. 100; see\u00a0Rest.2d Torts, \u00a7\u2009822).<\/p>\n<p>There may be an exception to the scienter requirement of element 3 for at least some harm caused by trees. There are cases holding that a property owner is strictly liable for damage caused by tree branches and roots that encroach on neighboring property. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lussier, supra,<\/span>\u00a0206 Cal.App.3d at p.106, fn. 5; see also\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mattos v. Mattos<\/span>\u00a0(1958) 162 Cal.App.2d 41, 43 [328 P.2d 269]\u00a0[absolute liability of an owner to remove portions of his fallen trees that extend over and upon another\u2019s land]; cf.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">City of Pasadena v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 1228, 1236 [176 Cal.Rptr.3d 422]\u00a0[plaintiff must prove negligent maintenance of trees that fell onto plaintiff\u2019s property in a windstorm].) Do not give element 3 if the court decides that there is strict liability for damage caused by encroaching or falling trees.<\/p>\n<p>There is some uncertainty as to whether lack of consent is an element (element 6) or consent is a defense. Cases clearly list lack of consent with the elements. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Department of Fish &amp; Game v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 1323, 1352 [129 Cal.Rptr.3d 719];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Birke v. Oakwood Worldwide<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 169 Cal.App.4th 1540, 1548 [87 Cal.Rptr.3d 602].) However, other cases have referred to consent as a defense, albeit in the context of a nuisance action involving parties with interests in the same property. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Newhall Land &amp; Farming Co. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 334, 341\u2013345, 23 Cal. Rptr. 2d 377;\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mangini v. Aerojet-General Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1991) 230 Cal.App.3d 1125, 1138\u20131140 [281 Cal.Rptr. 827].)<\/p>\n<p>If the claim is that the defendant failed to abate a nuisance, negligence must be proved. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">City of Pasadena<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 228 Cal.App.4th at p. 1236.)<\/p>\n<p>Element 9 must be supplemented with\u00a0CACI No. 2022,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Private Nuisance\u2014Balancing-Test Factors\u2014Seriousness of Harm and Public Benefit<\/span>. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wilson v. Southern California Edison Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 123, 160\u2212165 [184 Cal.Rptr.3d 26].) For instruction on control of property, see\u00a0CACI No. 1002,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Extent of Control Over Premises Area<\/span>, in the Premises Liability series. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cNuisance\u201d Defined.\u00a0Civil Code section 3479.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Acts Done Under Express Authority of Statute.\u00a0Civil Code section 3482.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA nuisance is considered a \u2018public nuisance\u2019 when it \u2018affects at the same time an entire community or neighborhood, or any considerable number of persons, although the extent of the annoyance or damage inflicted upon individuals may be unequal.\u2019 A \u2018private nuisance\u2019 is defined to include any nuisance not covered by the definition of a public nuisance, and also includes some public nuisances. \u2018In other words, it is possible for a nuisance to be public and, from the perspective of individuals who suffer an interference with their use and enjoyment of land, to be private as well.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mendez v. Rancho Valencia Resort Partners, LLC<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 248, 261\u2013262 [207 Cal.Rptr.3d 532], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe elements of a public nuisance, under the circumstances of this case, are as follows: (1) the 2007 poisoning obstructed the free use of property, so as to interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property; (2) the 2007 poisoning affected a substantial number of people; (3) an ordinary person would be unreasonably annoyed or disturbed by the 2007 poisoning; (4) the seriousness of the harm occasioned by the 2007 poisoning outweighed its social utility; (5) plaintiffs did not consent to the 2007 poisoning; (6) plaintiffs suffered harm as a result of the 2007 poisoning that was different from the type of harm suffered by the general public; and (7) the 2007 poisoning was a substantial factor in causing plaintiffs\u2019 harm.[\u00b6] The elements of a private nuisance are the same except there is no requirement that plaintiffs prove a substantial number of people were harmed and plaintiffs suffered harm that was different from that suffered by the general public, but there are additional elements that plaintiffs owned, leased, occupied or controlled real property, that the 2007 poisoning interfered with plaintiffs\u2019 use of their property, and that plaintiffs were harmed thereby\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Department of Fish &amp; Game, supra,<\/span>\u00a0197 Cal.App.4th at p. 1352\u00a0[citing this instruction].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn their first cause of action, plaintiffs allege the 2007 poisoning adversely affected tourism for a substantial period of time, caused plaintiffs to suffer serious losses, obstructed the free use of plaintiffs\u2019 property, and interfered with plaintiffs\u2019 comfortable enjoyment of their property or their businesses. Strictly speaking, this does not state a claim for either public or private nuisance. There is no allegation that plaintiffs did not consent to the 2007 poisoning, that an ordinary person would have been annoyed or disturbed by the 2007 poisoning, or that the seriousness of the harm caused by the 2007 poisoning outweighed its public benefit.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Department of Fish &amp; Game, supra,<\/span>\u00a0197 Cal.App.4th at p. 1352.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn distinction to trespass, liability for nuisance does not require proof of damage to the plaintiff\u2019s property; proof of interference with the plaintiff\u2019s use and enjoyment of that property is sufficient.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">San Diego Gas &amp; Electric Co. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 13 Cal.4th 893, 937 [55 Cal.Rptr.2d 724, 920 P.2d 669].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he essence of a private nuisance is its interference with the use and enjoyment of land. The activity in issue must \u2018disturb or prevent the comfortable enjoyment of property,\u2019 such as smoke from an asphalt mixing plant, noise and odors from the operation of a refreshment stand, or the noise and vibration of machinery.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oliver v. AT&amp;T Wireless Services<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 521, 534 [90 Cal.Rptr.2d 491], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA nuisance is an interference with the interest in the private use and enjoyment of the land and does not require interference with the possession.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">McBride v. Smith<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 18 Cal.App.5th 1160, 1178 [227 Cal.Rptr.3d 390].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]o proceed on a private nuisance theory the plaintiff must prove an injury specifically referable to the use and enjoyment of his or her land. The injury, however, need not be different in kind from that suffered by the general public.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Koll-Irvine Center Property Owners Assn. v. County of Orange<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 1036, 1041 [29 Cal.Rptr.2d 664], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSo long as the interference is substantial and unreasonable, and such as would be offensive or inconvenient to the normal person, virtually any disturbance of the enjoyment of the property may amount to a nuisance;\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mendez, supra<\/span>, 3 Cal.App.5th at p. 262.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe requirements of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">substantial damage<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">unreasonableness<\/span>\u00a0are not inconsequential. These requirements stem from the law\u2019s recognition that: \u2018\u2009\u201cLife in organized society and especially in populous communities involves an unavoidable clash of individual interests. Practically all human activities unless carried on in a wilderness interfere to some extent with others or involve some risk of interference, and these interferences range from mere trifling annoyances to serious harms. It is an obvious truth that each individual in a community must put up with a certain amount of annoyance, inconvenience and interference and must take a certain amount of risk in order that all may get on together. The very existence of organized society depends upon the principle of \u2018give and take, live and let live,\u2019 and\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">therefore the law of torts does not attempt to impose liability or shift the loss in every case in which one person\u2019s conduct has some detrimental effect on another<\/span>. Liability \u2026 is imposed in those cases in which the harm or risk to one is greater than he ought to be required to bear under the circumstances, at least without compensation.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mendez, supra<\/span>, 3 Cal.App.5th at p. 263, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe first additional requirement for recovery of damages on a nuisance theory is proof that the invasion of the plaintiff\u2019s interest in the use and enjoyment of the land was substantial, i.e., that it caused the plaintiff to suffer \u2018substantial actual damage.\u2019 The Restatement recognizes the same requirement as the need for proof of \u2018significant harm,\u2019 which it variously defines as \u2018harm of importance\u2019 and a \u2018real and appreciable invasion of the plaintiff\u2019s interests\u2019 and an invasion that is \u2018definitely offensive, seriously annoying or intolerable.\u2019 The degree of harm is to be judged by an objective standard, i.e., what effect would the invasion have on persons of normal health and sensibilities living in the same community? \u2018If normal persons in that locality would not be substantially annoyed or disturbed by the situation, then the invasion is not a significant one, even though the idiosyncrasies of the particular plaintiff may make it unendurable to him.\u2019 This is, of course, a question of fact that turns on the circumstances of each case.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">San Diego Gas &amp; Electric Co., supra<\/span>, 13 Cal.4th at p. 938, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe second additional requirement for nuisance is superficially similar but analytically distinct: \u2018The interference with the protected interest must not only be substantial, but it must also be unreasonable\u2019, i.e., it must be \u2018of such a nature, duration or amount as to constitute unreasonable interference with the use and enjoyment of the land.\u2019 The primary test for determining whether the invasion is unreasonable is whether the gravity of the harm outweighs the social utility of the defendant\u2019s conduct, taking a number of factors into account. Again the standard is objective: the question is not whether the particular plaintiff found the invasion unreasonable, but \u2018whether reasonable persons generally, looking at the whole situation impartially and objectively, would consider it unreasonable.\u2019 And again this is a question of fact: \u2018Fundamentally, the unreasonableness of intentional invasions is a problem of relative values to be determined by the trier of fact in each case in the light of all the circumstances of that case.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">San Diego Gas &amp; Electric Co., supra<\/span>, 13 Cal.4th at pp. 938\u2013939, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAppellant first argues that the judgment is erroneous because there is no showing that any act or conduct of his caused the damage. It is true that there is neither showing nor finding of any negligent or wrongful act or omission of defendant proximately causing the falling of the trees. But no such showing is required. If the trees remained upright, with some of their branches extending over or upon plaintiff\u2019s land, they clearly would constitute a nuisance, which defendant could be required to abate.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mattos<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 162 Cal.App.2d at p. 42.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough the central idea of nuisance is the unreasonable invasion of this interest and not the particular type of conduct subjecting the actor to liability, liability nevertheless depends on some sort of conduct that either directly and unreasonably interferes with it or creates a condition that does so. \u2018The invasion may be intentional and unreasonable. It may be unintentional but caused by negligent or reckless conduct; or it may result from an abnormally dangerous activity for which there is strict liability. On any of these bases the defendant may be liable. On the other hand, the invasion may be intentional but reasonable; or it may be entirely accidental and not fall within any of the categories mentioned above. In these cases there is no liability.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lussier<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 206 Cal.App.3d at p. 100, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA finding of an actionable nuisance does not require a showing that the defendant acted unreasonably. As one treatise noted, \u2018[c]onfusion has resulted from the fact that the intentional interference with the plaintiff\u2019s use of his property can be unreasonable even when the defendant\u2019s conduct is reasonable. This is simply because a reasonable person could conclude that the plaintiff\u2019s loss resulting from the intentional interference ought to be allocated to the defendant.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wilson v. Southern California Edison Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 786, 804 [230 Cal.Rptr.3d 595], quoting Prosser &amp; Keeton (5th ed. 1984) Torts \u00a7\u200988.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe do not intend to suggest, however, that one is strictly liable for damages that arise when a natural condition of one\u2019s land interferes with another\u2019s free use and enjoyment of his property. Such a rule would, quite anomalously, equate natural conditions with dangerous animals, ultrahazardous activities, or defective products, for which strict liability is reserved.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lussier<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 206 Cal.App.3d at pp. 101\u2013102.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cClearly, a claim of nuisance based on our example is easier to prove than one based on negligent conduct, for in the former, a plaintiff need only show that the defendant committed the acts that caused injury, whereas in the latter, a plaintiff must establish a duty to act and prove that the defendant\u2019s failure to act reasonably in the face of a known danger breached that duty and caused damages.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lussier<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 206 Cal.App.3d at p. 106.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe note, however, a unique line of cases, starting with\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Grandona v. Lovdal<\/span>\u00a0(1886) 70 Cal. 161 [11 P. 623], which holds that to the extent that the branches and roots of trees encroach upon another\u2019s land and cause or threaten damage, they may constitute a nuisance. Superficially, these cases appear to impose nuisance liability in the absence of wrongful conduct.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lussier<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 206 Cal.App.3d at p. 102, fn. 5\u00a0[but questioning validity of such a rule], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe fact that the defendants\u2019 alleged misconduct consists of omission rather than affirmative actions does not preclude nuisance liability.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Birke, supra,<\/span>\u00a0169 Cal.App.4th at p. 1552, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA nuisance may be either a negligent or an intentional tort.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Stoiber v. Honeychuck<\/span>\u00a0(1980) 101 Cal.App.3d 903, 920 [162 Cal.Rptr. 194], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cNuisance liability is not necessarily based on negligence, thus, \u2018one may be liable for a nuisance even in the absence of negligence. [Citations.]\u2019 However, \u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018where liability for the nuisance is predicated on the omission of the owner of the premises to abate it, rather than on his having created it, then negligence is said to be involved.\u2009\u2026\u201d [Citations.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">City of Pasadena<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 228 Cal.App.4th at p. 1236, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe acknowledge that to recover on a nuisance claim the harm the plaintiff suffers need not be a physical injury. Thus, the absence of evidence in this case to establish that [plaintiff] \u2018s physical injuries were caused by the stray voltage would not preclude recovery on her nuisance claim.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wilson, supra<\/span>, 234 Cal.App.4th at p. 159, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[M]ere apprehension of injury from a dangerous condition may constitute a nuisance where it interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of property\u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">McIvor v. Mercer-Fraser Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1946) 76 Cal.App.2d 247, 254 [172 P.2d 758].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt is the general rule that the unreasonable, unwarrantable or unlawful use by a person of his own property so as to interfere with the rights of others is a nuisance [citation]. In fact, any unwarranted activity which causes substantial injury to the property of another or obstructs its reasonable use and enjoyment is a nuisance which may be abated. And, even a lawful use of one\u2019s property may constitute a nuisance if it is part of a general scheme to annoy a neighbor and if the main purpose of the use is to prevent the neighbor from reasonable enjoyment of his own property [citation].\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">McBride<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 18 Cal.App.5th at p. 1180.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Occupancy goes to the holding, possessing or residing in or on something.\u2019 \u2018The rights which attend occupancy may be, arguably, many.\u2019 \u2018\u2009\u201cInvasion of the right of private occupancy\u201d resembles the definition of nuisance, an \u201c\u2009\u2018interference with the interest in the private use and enjoyment of the land.\u2019\u2009\u201d [Citations.] \u2018The typical and familiar nuisance claim involves an activity or condition which causes damage or other interference with the enjoyment of adjoining or neighboring land.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Albert v. Truck Ins. Exchange<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 367, 380 [232 Cal.Rptr.3d 774, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAn invasion of the right of private occupancy does not have to be a physical invasion of the land; a nonphysical invasion of real property rights can interfere with the use and enjoyment of real property.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Albert<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 380.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA fire hazard, at least when coupled with other conditions, can be found to be a public nuisance and abated.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">People v. Oliver<\/span>\u00a0(1948) 86 Cal.App.2d 885, 889 [195 P.2d 926].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he exculpatory effect of\u00a0Civil Code section 3482\u00a0has been circumscribed by decisions of this court.\u2009\u2026 \u2018\u2009\u201cA statutory sanction cannot be pleaded in justification of acts which by the general rules of law constitute a nuisance, unless the acts complained of are authorized by the express terms of the statute under which the justification is made, or by the plainest and most necessary implication from the powers expressly conferred, so that it can be fairly stated that the Legislature contemplated the doing of the very act which occasions the injury.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Varjabedian v. City of Madera<\/span>\u00a0(1977) 20 Cal.3d 285, 291 [142 Cal.Rptr. 429, 572 P.2d 43], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]here, as here, an owner of property seeks damages for creation of a nuisance by a prior lessee, the lessee has a defense that his use of the property was lawful and was authorized by the lease; i.e., his use of the property was undertaken with the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">consent<\/span>\u00a0of the owner.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mangini, supra<\/span>, 230 Cal.App.3d at p. 1138, original italics.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>13 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Equity, \u00a7\u2009174<\/div>\n<div>2 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 17,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nuisance and Trespass<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200917.01\u201317.05\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>34\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 391,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nuisance<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009391.13\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>16\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 167,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nuisance<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009167.20\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u00a7\u200917:1, 17:2, 17:4 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7572h5-e849dc68d34dd32a621120cf6cd2773b hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jj97t-8cd460c7cd76ac971325eac1bb5a910a\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-jj97t-8cd460c7cd76ac971325eac1bb5a910a .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jj97t-8cd460c7cd76ac971325eac1bb5a910a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1113","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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