{"id":1114,"date":"2021-10-25T03:50:08","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:50:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1114"},"modified":"2022-05-05T15:46:54","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T15:46:54","slug":"caci-2020-public-nuisance-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-2020-public-nuisance-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 2020 Public Nuisance\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku834izs-c38ff2520ffa56baebe8edd0e8087631\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku834izs-c38ff2520ffa56baebe8edd0e8087631{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku834izs-c38ff2520ffa56baebe8edd0e8087631 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku834izs-c38ff2520ffa56baebe8edd0e8087631 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku834izs-c38ff2520ffa56baebe8edd0e8087631 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 2020 Public Nuisance\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku835r49-4b6a536c0447cad9fa7d057f3ba99e7e\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku835r49-4b6a536c0447cad9fa7d057f3ba99e7e .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku835r49-4b6a536c0447cad9fa7d057f3ba99e7e '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">2020\u00a0Public Nuisance\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] suffered harm because [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] created a nuisance. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], by acting or failing to act, created a condition or permitted a condition to exist that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert one or more of the following:<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[was harmful to health;] [or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[was indecent or offensive to the senses;] [or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[was an obstruction to the free use of property, so as to interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property;] [or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[unlawfully obstructed the free passage or use, in the customary manner, of any navigable lake, or river, bay, stream, canal, or basin, or any public park, square, street, or highway;] [or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[was [a\/an] [fire hazard\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify other potentially dangerous condition<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s property;]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the condition affected a substantial number of people at the same time;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That an ordinary person would be reasonably annoyed or disturbed by the condition;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the seriousness of the harm outweighs the social utility of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not consent to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct;]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">6.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] suffered harm that was different from the type of harm suffered by the general public; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">7.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised December 2007, June 2016, November 2017, May 2019, November 2019 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Give this instruction for a claim for public nuisance. For an instruction on private nuisance, give\u00a0CACI No. 2021,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Private Nuisance\u2014Essential Factual Elements.<\/span>\u00a0While a private nuisance is designed to vindicate individual land ownership interests, a public nuisance is not dependent on an interference with any particular rights of land: The public nuisance doctrine aims at the protection and redress of community interests. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Citizens for Odor Nuisance Abatement v. City of San Diego<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 8 Cal.App.5th 350, 358 [213 Cal.Rptr.3d 538].)<\/p>\n<p>There is some uncertainty as to whether lack of consent is an element (element 5) or consent is a defense. Cases clearly list lack of consent with the elements. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Department of Fish &amp; Game v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 1323, 1352 [129 Cal.Rptr.3d 719];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Birke v. Oakwood Worldwide<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 169 Cal.App.4th 1540, 1548 [87 Cal.Rptr.3d 602].) However, other cases have referred to consent as a defense, albeit in the context of a nuisance action involving parties with interests in the same property. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Newhall Land &amp; Farming Co. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 334, 341\u2013345 [23 Cal.Rptr. 2d 377];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mangini v. Aerojet-General Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1991) 230 Cal.App.3d 1125, 1138\u20131140 [281 Cal.Rptr. 827].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cNuisance\u201d Defined.\u00a0Civil Code section 3479.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Public Nuisance.\u00a0Civil Code section 3480.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Action by Private Person for Public Nuisance.\u00a0Civil Code section 3493.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Act Done Under Express Authority of Statute.\u00a0Civil Code section 3482.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Property Used for Dogfighting and Cockfighting.\u00a0Civil Code section 3482.8.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he exculpatory effect of\u00a0Civil Code section 3482\u00a0has been circumscribed by decisions of this court.\u2009\u2026 \u2018\u2009\u201cA statutory sanction cannot be pleaded in justification of acts which by the general rules of law constitute a nuisance, unless the acts complained of are authorized by the express terms of the statute under which the justification is made, or by the plainest and most necessary implication from the powers expressly conferred, so that it can be fairly stated that the Legislature contemplated the doing of the very act which occasions the injury.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Varjabedian v. City of Madera<\/span>\u00a0(1977) 20 Cal.3d 285, 291 [142 Cal.Rptr. 429, 572 P.2d 43], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cPublic nuisance and private nuisance \u2018have almost nothing in common except the word \u201cnuisance\u201d itself.\u2019 Whereas private nuisance is designed to vindicate individual land ownership interests, the public nuisance doctrine has historically distinct origins and aims at \u2018the protection and redress of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">community interests<\/span>.\u2019 With its roots tracing to the beginning of the 16th century as a criminal offense against the crown, public nuisances at common law are \u2018offenses against, or interferences with, the exercise of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">rights common to the public,<\/span>\u2019 such as public health, safety, peace, comfort, or convenience.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Citizens for Odor Nuisance Abatement, supra,<\/span>\u00a08 Cal.App.5th at p. 358, original italics, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe elements of a public nuisance, under the circumstances of this case, are as follows: (1) the 2007 poisoning obstructed the free use of property, so as to interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property; (2) the 2007 poisoning affected a substantial number of people; (3) an ordinary person would be unreasonably annoyed or disturbed by the 2007 poisoning; (4) the seriousness of the harm occasioned by the 2007 poisoning outweighed its social utility; (5) plaintiffs did not consent to the 2007 poisoning; (6) plaintiffs suffered harm as a result of the 2007 poisoning that was different from the type of harm suffered by the general public; and (7) the 2007 poisoning was a substantial factor in causing plaintiffs\u2019 harm.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Department of Fish &amp; Game, supra<\/span>, 197 Cal.App.4th at p. 1352\u00a0[citing this instruction].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhere the nuisance alleged is not also a private nuisance as to a private individual he does not have a cause of action on account of a public nuisance unless he alleges facts showing special injury to himself in person or property of a character different in kind from that suffered by the general public.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Venuto v. Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1971) 22 Cal.App.3d 116, 124 [99 Cal.Rptr. 350], internal citations omitted; but see\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Birke, supra,<\/span>\u00a0169 Cal.App.4th at p. 1550\u00a0[\u201cto the extent\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Venuto<\/span>\u00a0\u2026 can be read as precluding an action to abate a public nuisance by a private individual who has suffered personal injuries as a result of the challenged condition, we believe it is an incorrect statement of the law\u201d].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnlike the private nuisance\u2014tied to and designed to vindicate individual ownership interests in land\u2014the \u2018common\u2019 or public nuisance emerged from distinctly different historical origins. The public nuisance doctrine is aimed at the protection and redress of community interests and, at least in theory, embodies a kind of collective ideal of civil life which the courts have vindicated by equitable remedies since the beginning of the 16th century.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">People ex rel. Gallo v. Acuna<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 14 Cal.4th 1090, 1103 [60 Cal.Rptr.2d 277, 929 P.2d 596].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]hen the nuisance is a private as well as a public one, there is no requirement the plaintiff suffer damage different in kind from that suffered by the general public. That is, the plaintiff \u2018\u2009\u201cdoes not lose his rights as a landowner merely because others suffer damage of the same kind, or even of the same degree\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Birke, supra<\/span>, 169 Cal.App.4th at p. 1551, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA public nuisance cause of action is established by proof that a defendant knowingly created or assisted in the creation of a substantial and unreasonable interference with a public right.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">People v. ConAgra Grocery Products Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 17 Cal.App.5th 51, 79 [227 Cal.Rptr.3d 499].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cOf course, not every interference with collective social interests constitutes a public nuisance. To qualify \u2026 the interference must be both substantial and unreasonable.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">People ex rel. Gallo, supra<\/span>, 14 Cal.4th at p. 1105.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt is substantial if it causes significant harm and unreasonable if its social utility is outweighed by the gravity of the harm inflicted.\u201d\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">People v. ConAgra Grocery Products Co., supra<\/span>, 17 Cal.App.5th at p. 112.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe fact that the defendants\u2019 alleged misconduct consists of omission rather than affirmative actions does not preclude nuisance liability.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Birke, supra<\/span>, 169 Cal.App.4th at p. 1552\u00a0[citing this instruction], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA nuisance may be either a negligent or an intentional tort.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Stoiber v. Honeychuck<\/span>\u00a0(1980) 101 Cal.App.3d 903, 920 [162 Cal.Rptr. 194], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cNuisance liability is not necessarily based on negligence, thus, \u2018one may be liable for a nuisance even in the absence of negligence. [Citations.]\u2019 However, \u2018\u2009\u201cwhere liability for the nuisance is predicated on the omission of the owner of the premises to abate it, rather than on his having created it, then negligence is said to be involved.\u2009\u2026\u201d [Citations.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">City of Pasadena v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 1228, 1236 [176 Cal.Rptr.3d 422], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAn essential element of a cause of action for nuisance is damage or injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Helix Land Co., Inc. v. City of San Diego<\/span>\u00a0(1978) 82 Cal.App.3d 932, 950 [147 Cal.Rptr. 683].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[M]ere apprehension of injury from a dangerous condition may constitute a nuisance where it interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of property\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">McIvor v. Mercer-Fraser Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1946) 76 Cal.App.2d 247, 254 [172 P.2d 758].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA fire hazard, at least when coupled with other conditions, can be found to be a public nuisance and abated.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">People v. Oliver<\/span>\u00a0(1948) 86 Cal.App.2d 885, 889 [195 P.2d 926].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBy analogy to the rules governing tort liability, courts apply the same elements to determine liability for a public nuisance.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">People ex rel. Gallo, supra<\/span>, 14 Cal.4th at p. 1105, fn. 3, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe elements \u2018of a cause of action for public nuisance include the existence of a duty and causation.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Melton v. Boustred<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 521, 542 [107 Cal.Rptr.3d 481], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[L]iability for nuisance does not hinge on whether the defendant owns, possesses or controls the property, nor on whether he is in a position to abate the nuisance; the critical question is whether the defendant\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">created or assisted in the creation of the nuisance<\/span>.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">People v. ConAgra Grocery Products Co.<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 17 Cal.App.5th at p. 109, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCausation is an essential element of a public nuisance claim. A plaintiff must establish a \u2018connecting element\u2019 or a \u2018causative link\u2019 between the defendant\u2019s conduct and the threatened harm.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Citizens for Odor Nuisance Abatement, supra,<\/span>\u00a08 Cal.App.5th at p. 359\u00a0[citing this instruction], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCausation may consist of either \u2018(a) an act; or [\u00b6] (b) a failure to act under circumstances in which the actor is under a duty to take positive action to prevent or abate the interference with the public interest or the invasion of the public interest.\u2019 A plaintiff must show the defendant\u2019s conduct was a \u2018substantial factor\u2019 in causing the alleged harm.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Citizens for Odor Nuisance Abatement, supra,<\/span>\u00a08 Cal.App.5th at p. 359\u00a0[citing this instruction], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Where negligence and nuisance causes of action rely on the same facts about lack of due care, the nuisance claim is a negligence claim.\u2019 The nuisance claim \u2018stands or falls with the determination of the negligence cause of action\u2019 in such cases.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Melton, supra<\/span>, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 542, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]here, as here, an owner of property seeks damages for creation of a nuisance by a prior lessee, the lessee has a defense that his use of the property was lawful and was authorized by the lease; i.e., his use of the property was undertaken with the consent of the owner.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mangini, supra,<\/span>\u00a0230 Cal.App.3d at p. 1138, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cNor is a defense of consent vitiated simply because plaintiffs seek damages based on special injury from public nuisance. \u2018Where special injury to a private person or persons entitles such person or persons to sue on account of a public nuisance, both a public and private nuisance, in a sense, are in existence.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mangini, supra,<\/span>\u00a0230 Cal.App.3d at p. 1139.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]here the law expressly declares something to be a nuisance, then no inquiry beyond its existence need be made and in this sense its mere existence is said to be a nuisance per se. [Citation.] But, to rephrase the rule, to be considered a nuisance per se the object, substance, activity or circumstance at issue must be expressly declared to be a nuisance by its very existence by some applicable law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">People v. ConAgra Grocery Products Co.<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 17 Cal.App.5th at p. 114.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>13 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Equity, \u00a7\u2009152<\/div>\n<div>Greenwald &amp; Asimow, California Practice Guide: Real Property Transactions, Ch. 5-D,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Common Law Environmental Hazards Liability<\/span>, \u00b6\u00b6\u20095:140\u20135:179 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>California Real Property Remedies and Damages (Cont.Ed.Bar 2d ed.) Ch. 11, Remedies for Nuisance and Trespass, \u00a7\u200911.7<\/div>\n<div>2 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 17,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nuisance and Trespass<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200917.01\u201317.04,\u00a017.06\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>34\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 391,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nuisance<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009391.12\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>16\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 167,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nuisance<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009167.20 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u00a7\u200917:1\u201317:3 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-71bjbu-d167f9c4f5022ec3ceb08fb77d7ee2e8 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5dh1lm-0f0e982a6c3d68806ec7aef18d85a3de\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-5dh1lm-0f0e982a6c3d68806ec7aef18d85a3de .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-5dh1lm-0f0e982a6c3d68806ec7aef18d85a3de '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1114","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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