{"id":1117,"date":"2021-10-25T03:50:08","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:50:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1117"},"modified":"2022-05-05T15:44:51","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T15:44:51","slug":"caci-2003-damage-to-timber-willful-and-malicious-conduct","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-2003-damage-to-timber-willful-and-malicious-conduct\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 2003 Damage to Timber\u2014Willful and Malicious Conduct"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku82zevg-8b5fb0711234abd52367f01572d8a36d\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku82zevg-8b5fb0711234abd52367f01572d8a36d{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku82zevg-8b5fb0711234abd52367f01572d8a36d .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku82zevg-8b5fb0711234abd52367f01572d8a36d .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku82zevg-8b5fb0711234abd52367f01572d8a36d av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 2003 Damage to Timber\u2014Willful and Malicious Conduct<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku830jd9-8e18d82ac2c57136f26e5c20fe8d55f5\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku830jd9-8e18d82ac2c57136f26e5c20fe8d55f5 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku830jd9-8e18d82ac2c57136f26e5c20fe8d55f5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">2003\u00a0Damage to Timber\u2014Willful and Malicious Conduct<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] also claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct in cutting down, damaging, or harvesting [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s trees was willful and malicious.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\u201cWillful\u201d simply means that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was intentional<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\u201cMalicious\u201d means that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] acted with intent to vex, annoy, harass, or injure, or that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was done with a knowing disregard of the rights or safety of another. A person acts with knowing disregard when the person is aware of the probable dangerous consequences of the person\u2019s conduct and deliberately fails to avoid those consequences. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised December 2010, May 2020 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Read this instruction if the plaintiff is seeking double or treble damages because the defendant\u2019s conduct was willful and malicious. (See\u00a0Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20093346;\u00a0Code Civ. Proc., \u00a7\u2009733;\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ostling v. Loring<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 1731, 1742 [33 Cal.Rptr.2d 391].) The judge should ensure that this finding is noted on the special verdict form. The jury should find the actual damages suffered. If the jury finds willful and malicious conduct, the court must award double damages and may award treble damages. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ostling<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 1742.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Damages for Injury to Timber.\u00a0Civil Code section 3346(a).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Treble Damages for Injury to Timber.\u00a0Code of Civil Procedure section 733.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he effect of [Civil Code] section 3346\u00a0as amended, read together with [Code of Civil Procedure] section 733, is that the Legislature intended, insofar as wilful and malicious trespass is concerned under either section, to leave the imposition of treble damages discretionary with the court, but to place a floor upon that discretion at double damages which must be applied whether the trespass be wilful and malicious or casual and involuntary, etc. There are now three measures of damages applicable to the pertinent types of trespass: (1) for wilful and malicious trespass the court may impose treble damages but must impose double damages; (2) for casual and involuntary trespass, etc., the court must impose double damages; and (3) for trespass under authority actual damages.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Salazar v. Matejcek<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 634, 645, fn. 3 [199 Cal.Rptr.3d 705].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe measure of damages to be doubled or trebled under\u00a0Code of Civil Procedure section 733\u00a0and\u00a0Civil Code section 3346\u00a0is not limited to the value of the timber or the damage to the trees. The statutes have been interpreted to permit doubling or trebling the full measure of compensable damages for tortious injury to property.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fulle v. Kanani<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 7 Cal.App.5th 1305, 1312 [212 Cal.Rptr.3d 920]\u00a0[annoyance and discomfort damages resulting from tortious injuries to timber or trees are subject to the damage multiplier under\u00a0Code of Civil Procedure section 733\u00a0and\u00a0Civil Code section 3346].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">The damages provisions in sections 3346 and 733 must be \u201ctreated as penal and punitive.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Baker v. Ramirez<\/span>\u00a0(1987) 190 Cal.App.3d 1123, 1138 [235 Cal.Rptr. 857], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018However, due to the penal nature of these provisions, the damages should be neither doubled nor tripled under section 3346 if punitive damages are awarded under section 3294. That would amount to punishing the defendant twice and is not necessary to further the policy behind section 3294 of educating blunderers (persons who mistake location of boundary lines) and discouraging rogues (persons who ignore boundary lines).\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hassoldt v. Patrick Media Group, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 153, 169 [100 Cal.Rptr.2d 662], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018[T]reble damages may only be awarded when the wrongdoer intentionally acted wilfully or maliciously. The intent required is the intent to vex, harass, or annoy or injure the plaintiff. It is a question of fact for the trial court whether or not such intent exists.\u2019 [Civil Code section 3346\u00a0and\u00a0Code of Civil Procedure section 733] are permissive and not mandatory and while they \u2018prescribe the degree of penalty to be invoked they commit to the sound discretion of the trial court the facts and circumstances under which it shall be invoked.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Salazar<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 245 Cal.App.4th at p. 646, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough neither section [3346 or 733] expressly so provides, it is now settled that to warrant such an award of treble damages it must be established that the wrongful act was willful and malicious.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Caldwell v. Walker<\/span>\u00a0(1963) 211 Cal.App.2d 758, 762 [27 Cal.Rptr. 675], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA proper and helpful analogue here is the award of exemplary damages under\u00a0section 3294 of the Civil Code\u00a0when a defendant has been guilty, inter alia, of \u2018malice, express or implied.\u2019\u2009\u2026\u2009\u2018In order to warrant the allowance of such damages the act complained of must not only be wilful, in the sense of intentional, but it must be accompanied by some aggravating circumstance, amounting to malice. Malice implies an act conceived in a spirit of mischief or with criminal indifference towards the obligations owed to others. There must be an intent to vex, annoy or injure. Mere spite or ill will is not sufficient.\u2019\u2009\u2026 Malice may consist of a state of mind determined to perform an act with reckless or wanton disregard of or indifference to the rights of others. Since a defendant rarely admits to such a state of mind, it must frequently be established from the circumstances surrounding his allegedly malicious acts.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Caldwell, supra<\/span>, 211 Cal.App.2d at pp. 763\u2013764, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder [Health and Safety Code] section 13007, a tortfeasor generally is liable to the owner of property for damage caused by a negligently set fire. \u2018[T]he statute places no restrictions on the type of property damage that is compensable.\u2019 Such damages might include, for example, damage to structures, to movable personal property, to soil, or to undergrowth; damages may even include such elements as the lost profits of a business damaged by fire. If the fire also damages trees\u2014that is, causes \u2018injuries to \u2026 trees \u2026 upon the land of another\u2019\u2014then the actual damages recoverable under section 13007 may be doubled (for negligently caused fires) or trebled (for fires intended to spread to the plaintiff\u2019s property) pursuant to section 3346.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kelly v. CB&amp;I Constructors, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 442, 461 [102 Cal.Rptr.3d 32], internal citations omitted; but see\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gould v. Madonna<\/span>\u00a0(1970) 5 Cal.App.3d 404, 407\u2013408 [85 Cal.Rptr. 457]\u00a0[Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20093346\u00a0does not apply to fires negligently set;\u00a0Health &amp; Saf. Code, \u00a7\u200913007\u00a0provides sole remedy].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u20091918<\/div>\n<div>4 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 52,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Recovery for Medical Expenses and Economic Loss<\/span>, \u00a7\u200952.34\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>31\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 350,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Logs and Timber<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009350.12\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>22\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 225,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Trespass<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009225.161 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-qrgi5-3df4f97c97dbe2201a0d39be5b872af9 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-570x4d-e5a657d26f601680fe414647348b9118\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-570x4d-e5a657d26f601680fe414647348b9118 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-570x4d-e5a657d26f601680fe414647348b9118 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1117","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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