{"id":1150,"date":"2021-10-25T04:03:32","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:03:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1150"},"modified":"2022-05-05T15:58:53","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T15:58:53","slug":"caci-2100-conversion-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-2100-conversion-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 2100 Conversion\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku83r7xv-51f04f959e5e8204b1367ce9b57a1ed0\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku83r7xv-51f04f959e5e8204b1367ce9b57a1ed0{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku83r7xv-51f04f959e5e8204b1367ce9b57a1ed0 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku83r7xv-51f04f959e5e8204b1367ce9b57a1ed0 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku83r7xv-51f04f959e5e8204b1367ce9b57a1ed0 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 2100 Conversion\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku83sjl8-2ab564bfee0b403cbfe8eea7883db941\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku83sjl8-2ab564bfee0b403cbfe8eea7883db941 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku83sjl8-2ab564bfee0b403cbfe8eea7883db941 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">2100\u00a0Conversion\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] wrongfully exercised control over [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/its] personal property. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [owned\/possessed\/had a right to possess] [a\/an] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert item of personal property<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] substantially interfered with [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s property by knowingly or intentionally [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert one or more of the following:<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[taking possession of the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert item of personal property<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];] [or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[preventing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] from having access to the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert item of personal property<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];] [or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[destroying the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert item of personal property<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];] [or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[refusing to return the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert item of personal property<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] after [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] demanded its return.]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not consent;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised December 2009, December 2010, May 2017 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>The last option for element 2 may be used if the defendant\u2019s original possession of the property was not tortious. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Atwood v. S. Cal. Ice Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1923) 63 Cal.App. 343, 345 [218 P. 283], disapproved on other grounds in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wilson v. Crown Transfer &amp; Storage Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1927) 201 Cal. 701 [258 P. 596].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cConversion is the wrongful exercise of dominion over the property of another. The elements of a conversion claim are: (1) the plaintiff\u2019s ownership or right to possession of the property; (2) the defendant\u2019s conversion by a wrongful act or disposition of property rights; and (3) damages.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lee v. Hanley<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 61 Cal.4th 1225, 1240 [191 Cal.Rptr.3d 536, 354 P.3d 334].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt is not necessary that there be a manual taking of the property; it is only necessary to show an assumption of control or ownership over the property, or that the alleged converter has applied the property to his own use.\u201d \u2026\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shopoff &amp; Cavallo LLP v. Hyon<\/span>\u00a0(2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 1489, 1507 [85 Cal.Rptr.3d 268].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A]ny act of dominion wrongfully exerted over the personal property of another inconsistent with the owner\u2019s rights thereto constitutes conversion.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Plummer v. Day\/Eisenberg, LLP<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 38, 50 [108 Cal.Rptr.3d 455].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo prove a cause of action for conversion, the plaintiff must show the defendant acted intentionally to wrongfully dispose of the property of another.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Duke v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 490, 508 [226 Cal.Rptr.3d 807].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[Conversion] must be knowingly or intentionally done, but a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">wrongful intent<\/span>\u00a0is not necessary. Because the act must be knowingly done, \u2018neither negligence, active or passive, nor a breach of contract, even though it result in injury to, or loss of, specific property, constitutes a conversion.\u2019 It follows therefore that mistake, good faith, and due care are ordinarily immaterial, and cannot be set up as defenses in an action for conversion.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Taylor v. Forte Hotels Int\u2019l<\/span>\u00a0(1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 1119, 1124 [1 Cal.Rptr.2d 189], original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[C]onversion is a strict liability tort. It does not require bad faith, knowledge, or even negligence; it requires only that the defendant have intentionally done the act depriving the plaintiff of his or her rightful possession.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Voris v. Lampert<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 7 Cal.5th 1141, 1158 [250 Cal.Rptr.3d 779, 446 P.3d 284].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018\u2009\u201cConversion is a strict liability tort,\u201d\u2009\u2019 so the Bank cannot defeat the claim on the grounds that it accepted a forged signature in good faith. Financial institutions can be liable to their depositors for transferring money out of their accounts on forged instruments.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fong v. East West Bank<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 19 Cal.App.5th 224, 235 [227 Cal.Rptr.3d 838], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe rule of strict liability applies equally to purchasers of converted goods, or more generally to purchasers from sellers who lack the power to transfer ownership of the goods sold. That is, there is no general exception for bona fide purchasers.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Regent Alliance Ltd. v. Rabizadeh<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 1177, 1181 [180 Cal.Rptr.3d 610], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThere are recognized exceptions to the general rule of strict liability. Some exceptions are based on circumstances in which \u2018the person transferring possession may have the legal power to convey to a bona fide transferee a good title,\u2019 as, for example, when \u2018a principal has clothed an agent in apparent authority exceeding that which was intended.\u2019 Another exception concerns goods obtained by means of a fraudulent misrepresentation. If the party who committed the fraud then sells the goods to \u2018a bona fide purchaser\u2019 who \u2018takes for value and without notice of the fraud, then such purchaser gets good title to the chattel and may not be held for conversion (though the original converter may be).\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Regent Alliance Ltd., supra<\/span>, 231 Cal.App.4th at p. 1183, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]t is generally acknowledged that conversion is a tort that may be committed only with relation to personal property and not real property.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Munger v. Moore<\/span>\u00a0(1970) 11 Cal.App.3d 1, 7 [89 Cal.Rptr. 323], disagreeing with\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Katz v. Enos<\/span>\u00a0(1945) 68 Cal.App.2d 266, 269 [156 P.2d 461].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe first element of that cause of action is his ownership or right to possession of the property at the time of the conversion. Once it is determined that [plaintiff] has a right to reinstate the contract, he has a right to possession of the vehicle and standing to bring conversion. Unjustified refusal to turn over possession on demand constitutes conversion even where possession by the withholder was originally obtained lawfully and of course so does an unauthorized sale.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cerra v. Blackstone<\/span>\u00a0(1985) 172 Cal.App.3d 604, 609 [218 Cal.Rptr. 15], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018To establish a conversion, plaintiff must establish an actual interference with his ownership or right of possession.\u2009\u2026 Where plaintiff neither has title to the property alleged to have been converted, nor possession thereof, he cannot maintain an action for conversion.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Moore v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 51 Cal.3d 120, 136 [271 Cal.Rptr. 146, 793 P.2d 479], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn a conversion action the plaintiff need show only that he was entitled to possession at the time of conversion; the fact that plaintiff regained possession of the converted property does not prevent him from suing for damages for the conversion.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Enterprise Leasing Corp. v. Shugart Corp<\/span>. (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 737, 748 [282 Cal.Rptr. 620], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cNeither legal title nor absolute ownership of the property is necessary.\u2009\u2026 A party need only allege it is \u2018entitled to immediate possession at the time of conversion.\u2009\u2026\u2019 \u2026 However, a mere contractual right of payment, without more, will not suffice.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Plummer, supra,<\/span>\u00a0184 Cal.App.4th at p. 45, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] claim for unpaid wages resembles other actions for a particular amount of money owed in exchange for contractual performance\u2014a type of claim that has long been understood to sound in contract, rather than as the tort of conversion.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Voris, supra,<\/span>\u00a07 Cal.5th at p. 1156.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe existence of a lien \u2026 can establish the immediate right to possess needed for conversion. \u2018One who holds property by virtue of a lien upon it may maintain an action for conversion if the property was wrongfully disposed of by the owner and without authority\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u2019 Thus, attorneys may maintain conversion actions against those who wrongfully withhold or disburse funds subject to their attorney\u2019s liens.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Plummer, supra,<\/span>\u00a0184 Cal.App.4th at p. 45, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhere the conduct complained of does not amount to a substantial interference with possession or the right thereto, but consists of intermeddling with or use of or damages to the personal property, the owner has a cause of action for trespass or case, and may recover only the actual damages suffered by reason of the impairment of the property or the loss of its use. As [plaintiff] was a cotenant and had the right of possession of the realty, which included the right to keep his personal property thereon, [defendant]\u2019s act of placing the goods in storage, although not constituting the assertion of ownership and a substantial interference with possession to the extent of a conversion, amounted to an intermeddling. Therefore, [plaintiff] is entitled to actual damages in an amount sufficient to compensate him for any impairment of the property or loss of its use.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Zaslow v. Kroenert<\/span>\u00a0(1946) 29 Cal.2d 541, 551\u2013552 [176 P.2d 1], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he law is well settled that there can be no conversion where an owner either expressly or impliedly assents to or ratifies the taking, use or disposition of his property.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Farrington v. A. Teichert &amp; Son, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1943) 59 Cal.App.2d 468, 474 [139 P.2d 80], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAs to intentional invasions of the plaintiff\u2019s interests, his consent negatives the wrongful element of the defendant\u2019s act, and prevents the existence of a tort. \u2018The absence of lawful consent,\u2019 said Mr. Justice Holmes, \u2018is part of the definition of an assault.\u2019 The same is true of false imprisonment, conversion, and trespass.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tavernier v. Maes<\/span>\u00a0(1966) 242 Cal.App.2d 532, 552 [51 Cal.Rptr. 575], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIf a defendant is authorized to make a specific use of a plaintiff\u2019s property, use in excess of that authorized may subject the defendant to liability for conversion, if such use seriously violates another\u2019s right to control the use of the property.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Duke,<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra,<\/span>\u00a018 Cal.App.5th at p. 506.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[D]amages for emotional distress growing out of a defendant\u2019s conversion of personal property are recoverable.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hensley v. San Diego Gas &amp; Electric Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 7 Cal.App.5th.1337, 1358 [213 Cal.Rptr.3d 803].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Money cannot be the subject of a cause of action for conversion unless there is a specific, identifiable sum involved, such as where an agent accepts a sum of money to be paid to another and fails to make the payment.\u2019 A \u2018generalized claim for money [is] not actionable as conversion.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">PCO, Inc. v. Christensen, Miller, Fink, Jacobs, Glaser, Weil &amp; Shapiro, LLP<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 384, 395 [58 Cal.Rptr.3d 516], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cGenerally, conversion has been held to apply to the taking of intangible property rights when \u2018represented by documents, such as bonds, notes, bills of exchange, stock certificates, and warehouse receipts.\u2019 As one authority has written, \u2018courts have permitted a recovery for conversion of assets reflected in such documents as accounts showing amounts owed, life insurance policies, and other evidentiary documents. These cases are far removed from the paradigm case of physical conversion; they are essentially financial or economic tort cases, not physical interference cases.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Welco Electronics, Inc. v. Mora<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 202, 209 [166 Cal.Rptr.3d 877], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]t is \u2018well settled in California that shares of corporate stock are subject to an action in conversion\u2019 and \u2018it is not necessary that possession of the certificate evidencing title be disturbed.\u2019 Instead, it is sufficient that there is interference with the owner\u2019s \u2018free and unhampered right to dispose of property without limitations imposed by strangers to the title.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Applied Medical Corp. v. Thomas<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 10 Cal.App.5th 927, 938 [217 Cal.Rptr.3d 169].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]here is no special rule preventing a depositor from pursuing a conversion action against the bank that holds his or her money.\u2009\u2026 \u2018The law applicable to conversion of personal property applies to instruments,\u2019 which includes certificates of deposit.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fong,<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra,<\/span>\u00a019 Cal.App.5th at pp. 232\u2013233.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCredit card, debit card, or PayPal information may be the subject of a conversion.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Welco Electronics, Inc., supra<\/span>, 223 Cal.App.4th at p. 212, footnote omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cOne who buys property in good faith from a party lacking title and the right to sell may be liable for conversion. The remedies for conversion include specific recovery of the property, damages, and a quieting of title.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Department of Motor Vehicles<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 53 Cal.App.4th 1076, 1081\u20131082 [62 Cal.Rptr.2d 178], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn order to establish a conversion, the plaintiff \u2018must show an intention or purpose to convert the goods and to exercise ownership over them, or to prevent the owner from taking possession of his property.\u2019 Thus, a necessary element of the tort is an intent to exercise ownership over property which belongs to another. For this reason, conversion is considered an intentional tort.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Collin v. American Empire Insurance Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 21 Cal.App.4th 787, 812 [26 Cal.Rptr.2d 391], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA conversion can occur when a willful failure to return property deprives the owner of possession.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fearon v. Department of Corrections<\/span>\u00a0(1984) 162 Cal.App.3d 1254, 1257 [209 Cal.Rptr. 309], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA demand for return of the property is not a condition precedent to institution of the action when possession was originally acquired by a tort as it was in this case.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Igauye v. Howard<\/span>\u00a0(1952) 114 Cal.App.2d 122, 127 [249 P.2d 558].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Negligence in caring for the goods is not an act of dominion over them such as is necessary to make the bailee liable as a converter.\u2019 Thus a warehouseman\u2019s negligence in causing a fire which destroyed the plaintiffs\u2019 goods will not support a conversion claim.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gonzales v. Pers. Storage<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 464, 477 [65 Cal.Rptr.2d 473], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough damages for conversion are frequently the equivalent to the damages for negligence, i.e., specific recovery of the property or damages based on the value of the property, negligence is no part of an action for conversion.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Taylor, supra<\/span>\u00a0235 Cal.App.3d at p. 1123, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA person without legal title to property may recover from a converter if the plaintiff is responsible to the true owner, such as in the case of a bailee or pledgee of the property.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Department of Industrial Relations v. UI Video Stores, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 1084, 1096 [64 Cal.Rptr.2d 457], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWith respect to plaintiffs\u2019 causes of action for conversion, \u2018[o]ne is privileged to commit an act which would otherwise be a trespass to or a conversion of a chattel in the possession of another, for the purpose of defending himself or a third person against the other, under the same conditions which would afford a privilege to inflict a harmful or offensive contact upon the other for the same purpose.\u2019\u2009\u2018For the purpose of defending his own person, an actor is privileged to make intentional invasions of another\u2019s interests or personality when the actor reasonably believes that such other person intends to cause a confinement or a harmful or offensive contact to the actor, of that such invasion of his interests is reasonably probable, and the actor reasonably believes that the apprehended harm can be safely prevented only by the infliction of such harm upon the other. A similar privilege is afforded an actor for the protection of certain third persons.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Church of Scientology v. Armstrong<\/span>\u00a0(1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 1060, 1072 [283 Cal.Rptr. 917], internal citations omitted [labeled \u201cdefense of justification\u201d]; see\u00a0Rest.2d Torts, \u00a7\u2009261.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe recognize that the common law of conversion, which developed initially as a remedy for the dispossession or other loss of chattel, may be inappropriate for some modern intangible personal property, the unauthorized use of which can take many forms. In some circumstances, newer economic torts have developed that may better take into account the nature and uses of intangible property, the interests at stake, and the appropriate measure of damages. On the other hand, if the law of conversion can be adapted to particular types of intangible property and will not displace other, more suitable law, it may be appropriate to do so. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fremont Indemnity Co. v. Fremont General Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 97, 124 [55 Cal.Rptr.3d 621], internal citations omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009810\u2013831<\/div>\n<div>Ahart, California Practice Guide: Enforcing Judgments &amp; Debts, Ch. 2-C,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tort Liability<\/span>, \u00b6\u20092:427.4 et seq. (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>Rylaarsdam &amp; Turner, California Practice Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial\u2014Statutes of Limitations, Ch. 4-D,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Actions Involving Personal Property (Including Intangibles)<\/span>, \u00b6\u20094:1101 et seq. (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>3 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 40,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fraud and Deceit and Other Business Torts<\/span>, \u00a7\u200940.40\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>13\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 150,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Conversion<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009150.10,\u00a0150.40,\u00a0150.41\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>5\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 51,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Conversion<\/span>, \u00a7\u200951.21[3][b]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-p9g32-7bc21f06b61228f58c6df321bc58bebc hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5rqszy-ecf113916ec16f1bc6030e7ec0e8ea2d\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-5rqszy-ecf113916ec16f1bc6030e7ec0e8ea2d .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-5rqszy-ecf113916ec16f1bc6030e7ec0e8ea2d '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1150","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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