{"id":1167,"date":"2021-10-25T04:03:49","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:03:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1167"},"modified":"2022-05-05T16:07:50","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T16:07:50","slug":"caci-2204-negligent-interference-with-prospective-economic-relations","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-2204-negligent-interference-with-prospective-economic-relations\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 2204 Negligent Interference With Prospective Economic Relations"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku84ah25-407807836d31703a19e887596c973027\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku84ah25-407807836d31703a19e887596c973027{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku84ah25-407807836d31703a19e887596c973027 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku84ah25-407807836d31703a19e887596c973027 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku84ah25-407807836d31703a19e887596c973027 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 2204 Negligent Interference With Prospective Economic Relations<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku84blcx-d8fc9d1d2663e4587d8c44efd649f300\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku84blcx-d8fc9d1d2663e4587d8c44efd649f300 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku84blcx-d8fc9d1d2663e4587d8c44efd649f300 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">2204\u00a0Negligent Interference With Prospective Economic Relations<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] negligently interfered with a relationship between [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/it] and [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of third party<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] that probably would have resulted in an economic benefit to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] and [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of third party<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] were in an economic relationship that probably would have resulted in a future economic benefit to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knew or should have known of this relationship;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knew or should have known that this relationship would be disrupted if [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/it] failed to act with reasonable care;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] failed to act with reasonable care;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] engaged in wrongful conduct through [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert grounds for wrongfulness, e.g., breach of contract with another, misrepresentation, fraud, violation of statute<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">6.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the relationship was disrupted;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">7.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">8.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s wrongful conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised November 2020 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Regarding the fifth element, the judge must specifically state for the jury the conduct that the judge has determined as a matter of law would satisfy the \u201cwrongful conduct\u201d standard. This conduct must fall outside the privilege of fair competition. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Della Penna v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 11 Cal.4th 376, 393 [45 Cal.Rptr.2d 436, 902 P.2d 740];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Settimo Associates v. Environ Systems, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 842, 845 [17 Cal.Rptr.2d 757].) The jury must then decide whether the defendant engaged in the conduct as defined by the judge. If the conduct is tortious, judge should instruct on the elements of the tort. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe tort of intentional or negligent interference with prospective economic advantage imposes liability for improper methods of disrupting or diverting the business relationship of another which fall outside the boundaries of fair competition.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Settimo Associates, supra<\/span>, 14 Cal.App.4th at p. 845, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe elements of negligent interference with prospective economic advantage are (1) the existence of an economic relationship between the plaintiff and a third party containing the probability of future economic benefit to the plaintiff; (2) the defendant\u2019s knowledge of the relationship; (3) the defendant\u2019s knowledge (actual or construed) that the relationship would be disrupted if the defendant failed to act with reasonable care; (4) the defendant\u2019s failure to act with reasonable care; (5) actual disruption of the relationship; (6) and economic harm proximately caused by the defendant\u2019s negligence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Redfearn v. Trader Joe\u2019s Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 989, 1005 [230 Cal.Rptr.3d 98].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe tort of negligent interference with prospective economic advantage is established where a plaintiff demonstrates that (1) an economic relationship existed between the plaintiff and a third party which contained a reasonably probable future economic benefit or advantage to plaintiff; (2) the defendant knew of the existence of the relationship and was aware or should have been aware that if it did not act with due care its actions would interfere with this relationship and cause plaintiff to lose in whole or in part the probable future economic benefit or advantage of the relationship; (3) the defendant was negligent; and (4) such negligence caused damage to plaintiff in that the relationship was actually interfered with or disrupted and plaintiff lost in whole or in part the economic benefits or advantage reasonably expected from the relationship.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">North American Chemical Co. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 764, 786 [69 Cal.Rptr.2d 466].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018The tort of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">negligent<\/span>\u00a0interference with economic relationship arises only when the defendant owes the plaintiff a duty of care.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">LiMandri v. Judkins<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 326, 348 [60 Cal.Rptr.2d 539], original italics, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhere a special relationship exists between the parties, a plaintiff may recover for loss of expected economic advantage through the negligent performance of a contract although the parties were not in contractual privity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">J\u2019Aire Corp. v. Gregory<\/span>\u00a0(1979) 24 Cal.3d 799, 804 [157 Cal.Rptr. 407, 598 P.2d 60].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">The trial court should instruct the jury on the \u201cindependently wrongful\u201d element of the tort of negligent interference with prospective economic advantage. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">National Medical Transportation Network v. Deloitte &amp; Touche<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 412, 440 [72 Cal.Rptr.2d 720].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCommonly included among improper means are actions which are independently actionable, violations of federal or state law or unethical business practices, e.g., violence, misrepresentation, unfounded litigation, defamation, trade libel or trade mark infringement.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">PMC, Inc. v. Saban Entertainment, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 579, 603 [52 Cal.Rptr.2d 877], internal citation omitted, disapproved on other grounds in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2003) 29 Cal.4th 1134, 1159 fn. 11 [131 Cal.Rptr.2d 29, 63 P.3d 937].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhile the trial court and [defendant] are correct that a defendant incurs liability for interfering with another\u2019s prospective economic advantage only if the defendant\u2019s conduct was independently wrongful, we have been directed to no California authority, and have found none, for the trial court\u2019s conclusion that the wrongful conduct must be intentional or willful. The defendant\u2019s conduct must \u2018fall outside the boundaries of fair competition\u2019\u2026\u2009, but negligent misconduct or the violation of a statutory obligation suffice. The approved\u00a0CACI No. 2204\u00a0does not indicate otherwise and, in fact, indicates that either a misrepresentation or \u2018violation of statute\u2019 is sufficient.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Venhaus v. Shultz<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 1072, 1079\u20131080 [66 Cal.Rptr.3d 432], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe fact that the defendant\u2019s conduct was independently wrongful is an element of the interference cause of action itself. In addition, the wrongful interfering act can be independently tortious only as to a third party; it need not be independently wrongful as to the plaintiff. Accordingly,\u2009\u2026 to state a cause of action for intentional or negligent interference with prospective economic advantage, it is not necessary to also plead a separate, stand-alone tort cause of action.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Redfearn<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 20 Cal.App.5th at p. 1006, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A]mong the criteria for establishing [the existence of] a duty of care is the \u2018blameworthiness\u2019 of the defendant\u2019s conduct. For negligent interference, a defendant\u2019s conduct is blameworthy only if it was independently wrongful apart from the interference itself.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lange v. TIG Ins. Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 1179, 1187 [81 Cal.Rptr.2d 39], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder the privilege of free competition, a competitor is free to divert business to himself as long as he uses fair and reasonable means. Thus, the plaintiff must present facts indicating the defendant\u2019s interference is somehow wrongful\u2014i.e., based on facts that take the defendant\u2019s actions out of the realm of legitimate business transactions.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tri-Growth Centre City, Ltd. v. Silldorf, Burdman, Duignan &amp; Eisenberg<\/span>\u00a0(1989) 216 Cal.App.3d 1139, 1153\u20131154 [265 Cal.Rptr. 330], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSince the crux of the competition privilege is that one can interfere with a competitor\u2019s prospective contractual relationship with a third party as long as the interfering conduct is not independently wrongful (i.e., wrongful apart from the fact of the interference itself),\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Della Penna<\/span>\u2019s requirement that a plaintiff plead and prove such wrongful conduct in order to recover for intentional interference with prospective economic advantage has resulted in a shift of burden of proof. It is now the plaintiff\u2019s burden to prove, as an element of the cause of action itself, that the defendant\u2019s conduct was independently wrongful and, therefore, was not privileged rather than the defendant\u2019s burden to prove, as an affirmative defense, that it\u2019s [<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">sic<\/span>] conduct was not independently wrongful and therefore was privileged.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bed, Bath &amp; Beyond of La Jolla, Inc. v. La Jolla Village Square Venture Partners<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 867, 881 [60 Cal.Rptr.2d 830].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThere are three formulations of the manager\u2019s privilege: (1) absolute, (2) mixed motive, and (3) predominant motive.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Halvorsen v. Aramark Uniform Services, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 65 Cal.App.4th 1383, 1391 [77 Cal.Rptr.2d 383].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009867\u2013869<\/div>\n<div>3 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 40,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fraud and Deceit and Other Business Torts<\/span>, \u00a7\u200940.104\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>10\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 103,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Brokers<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009103.33\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>49\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 565,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Unfair Competition<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009565.135\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>12\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 122,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Interference<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009122.70\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7jnosv-636448151273c81410c71bbbf867aa03 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5chw7j-3f8dd1b5445c2b2b2a130887fb248418\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-5chw7j-3f8dd1b5445c2b2b2a130887fb248418 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-5chw7j-3f8dd1b5445c2b2b2a130887fb248418 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1167","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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