{"id":1169,"date":"2021-10-25T04:03:49","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:03:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1169"},"modified":"2022-05-05T16:05:59","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T16:05:59","slug":"caci-2202-intentional-interference-with-prospective-economic-relations-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-2202-intentional-interference-with-prospective-economic-relations-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 2202 Intentional Interference With Prospective Economic Relations\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku847dl0-19f125c9d9c7b50a7650bc8fb7210182\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku847dl0-19f125c9d9c7b50a7650bc8fb7210182{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku847dl0-19f125c9d9c7b50a7650bc8fb7210182 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku847dl0-19f125c9d9c7b50a7650bc8fb7210182 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku847dl0-19f125c9d9c7b50a7650bc8fb7210182 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 2202 Intentional Interference With Prospective Economic Relations\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku848tcj-194b9c9742cd3175fd834c61c4796541\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku848tcj-194b9c9742cd3175fd834c61c4796541 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku848tcj-194b9c9742cd3175fd834c61c4796541 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">2202\u00a0Intentional Interference With Prospective Economic Relations\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] intentionally interfered with an economic relationship between [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/it] and [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of third party<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] that probably would have resulted in an economic benefit to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] and [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of third party<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] were in an economic relationship that probably would have resulted in an economic benefit to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knew of the relationship;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] engaged in [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify conduct determined by the court to be wrongful<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That by engaging in this conduct, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [intended to disrupt the relationship\/ [or] knew that disruption of the relationship was certain or substantially certain to occur];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the relationship was disrupted;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">6.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">7.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span>\u2019<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span>\u2019<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised June 2013, December 2013 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Regarding element 3, the interfering conduct must be wrongful by some legal measure other than the fact of the interference itself. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Della Penna v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 11 Cal.4th 376, 393 [45 Cal.Rptr.2d 436, 902 P.2d 740].) This conduct must fall outside the privilege of fair competition. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">PMC, Inc. v. Saban Entertainment, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 579, 603 [52 Cal.Rptr.2d 877], disapproved on other grounds in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2003) 29 Cal.4th 1134, 1159 fn. 11 [131 Cal.Rptr.2d 29, 63 P.3d 937].) Whether the conduct alleged qualifies as wrongful if proven or falls within the privilege of fair competition is resolved by the court as a matter of law. If the court lets the case go to trial, the jury\u2019s role is not to determine wrongfulness, but simply to find whether or not the defendant engaged in the conduct. If the conduct is tortious, the judge should instruct on the elements of the tort. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe tort of intentional or negligent interference with prospective economic advantage imposes liability for improper methods of disrupting or diverting the business relationship of another which fall outside the boundaries of fair competition.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Settimo Associates v. Environ Systems, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 842, 845 [17 Cal.Rptr.2d 757], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe tort of interference with prospective economic advantage protects the same interest in stable economic relationships as does the tort of interference with contract, though interference with prospective advantage does not require proof of a legally binding contract. The chief practical distinction between interference with contract and interference with prospective economic advantage is that a broader range of privilege to interfere is recognized when the relationship or economic advantage interfered with is only prospective.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pacific Gas &amp; Electric Co. v. Bear Stearns &amp; Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 50 Cal.3d 1118, 1126 [270 Cal.Rptr. 1, 791 P.2d 587], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIntentional interference with prospective economic advantage has five elements: (1) the existence, between the plaintiff and some third party, of an economic relationship that contains the probability of future economic benefit to the plaintiff; (2) the defendant\u2019s knowledge of the relationship; (3) intentionally wrongful acts designed to disrupt the relationship; (4) actual disruption of the relationship; and (5) economic harm proximately caused by the defendant\u2019s action.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Roy Allan Slurry Seal, Inc. v. American Asphalt South, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 2 Cal.5th 505, 512 [213 Cal.Rptr.3d 568, 388 P.3d 800]].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe tort\u2019s requirements \u2018presuppose the relationship existed at the time of the defendant\u2019s allegedly tortious acts lest liability be imposed for actually and intentionally disrupting a relationship which has yet to arise.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Roy Allan Slurry Seal, Inc., supra<\/span>, 2 Cal.5th at p. 518.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe question is whether a plaintiff must plead and prove that the defendant engaged in wrongful acts\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">with the specific intent<\/span>\u00a0of interfering with the plaintiff\u2019s business expectancy. We conclude that specific intent is not a required element of the tort of interference with prospective economic advantage. While a plaintiff may satisfy the intent requirement by pleading specific intent, i.e., that the defendant desired to interfere with the plaintiff\u2019s prospective economic advantage, a plaintiff may alternately plead that the defendant knew that the interference was certain or substantially certain to occur as a result of its action.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Korea Supply Co., supra<\/span>, 29 Cal.4th at p. 1154, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] plaintiff seeking to recover for an alleged interference with prospective contractual or economic relations must plead and prove as part of its case-in-chief that the defendant not only knowingly interfered with the plaintiff\u2019s expectancy, but engaged in conduct that was wrongful by some legal measure other than the fact of interference itself.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Della Penna, supra<\/span>, 11 Cal.4th at p. 393.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWith respect to the third element, a plaintiff must show that the defendant engaged in an independently wrongful act. It is not necessary to prove that the defendant acted with the specific intent, or purpose, of disrupting the plaintiff\u2019s prospective economic advantage. Instead, \u2018it is sufficient for the plaintiff to plead that the defendant \u201c[knew] that the interference is certain or substantially certain to occur as a result of his action.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u2018[A]n act is independently wrongful if it is unlawful, that is, if it is proscribed by some constitutional, statutory, regulatory, common law, or other determinable legal standard.\u2019\u2009\u2018[A]n act must be wrongful by some legal measure, rather than merely a product of an improper, but lawful, purpose or motive.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">San Jose Construction, Inc. v. S.B.C.C., Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 1528, 1544\u20131545 [67 Cal.Rptr.3d 54], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Della Penna<\/span>\u00a0did not specify what sort of conduct would qualify as \u2018wrongful\u2019 apart from the interference itself.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">LiMandri v. Judkins<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 326, 340 [60 Cal.Rptr.2d 539].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cJustice Mosk\u2019s concurring opinion in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Della Penna<\/span>\u00a0advocates that proscribed conduct be limited to means that are independently tortious or a restraint of trade. The Oregon Supreme Court suggests that conduct may be wrongful if it violates \u2018a statute or other regulation, or a recognized rule of common law, or perhaps an established standard of a trade or profession.\u2019 \u2026 Our Supreme Court may later have occasion to clarify the meaning of \u2018wrongful conduct\u2019 or \u2018wrongfulness,\u2019 or it may be that a precise definition proves impossible.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Arntz Contracting Co. v. St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 464, 477\u2013478 [54 Cal.Rptr.2d 888], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCommonly included among improper means are actions which are independently actionable, violations of federal or state law or unethical business practices, e.g., violence, misrepresentation, unfounded litigation, defamation, trade libel or trade mark infringement.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">PMC, Inc., supra<\/span>, 45 Cal.App.4th at p. 603, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] plaintiff need not allege the interference and a second act independent of the interference. Instead, a plaintiff must plead and prove that the conduct alleged to constitute the interference was independently wrongful, i.e., unlawful for reasons other than that it interfered with a prospective economic advantage. [Citations.]\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Crown Imports, LLC v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1395, 1404 [168 Cal.Rptr.3d 228].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe question has arisen as to whether, in order to be actionable as interference with prospective economic advantage, the interfering act must be independently wrongful\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">as to the plaintiff<\/span>. It need not be. There is \u2018no sound reason for requiring that a defendant\u2019s wrongful actions must be directed towards the plaintiff seeking to recover for this tort. The interfering party is liable to the interfered-with party [even] \u201cwhen the independently tortious means the interfering party uses are independently tortious\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">only as to a third party<\/span>.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Crown Imports LLC, supra<\/span>, 223 Cal.App.4th at p. 1405, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]o state a cause of action for intentional or negligent interference with prospective economic advantage, it is not necessary to also plead a separate, stand-alone tort cause of action.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Redfearn v. Trader Joe\u2019s Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 989, 1006 [230 Cal.Rptr.3d 98], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[O]ur focus for determining the wrongfulness of those intentional acts should be on the defendant\u2019s objective conduct, and evidence of motive or other subjective states of mind is relevant only to illuminating the nature of that conduct.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Arntz Contracting Co., supra<\/span>, 47 Cal.App.4th at p. 477.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A]n essential element of the tort of intentional interference with prospective business advantage is the existence of a business relationship with which the tortfeasor interfered. Although this need not be a contractual relationship, an existing relationship is required.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Roth v. Rhodes<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 530, 546 [30 Cal.Rptr.2d 706], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIf a party has no liability in tort for refusing to perform an existing contract, no matter what the reason, he or she certainly should not have to bear a burden in tort for refusing to\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">enter into<\/span>\u00a0a contract where he or she has no obligation to do so. If that same party cannot conspire with a third party to breach or interfere with his or her own contract then certainly the result should be no different where the \u2018conspiracy\u2019 is to disrupt a relationship which has not even risen to the dignity of an existing contract and the party to that relationship was entirely free to \u2018disrupt\u2019 it on his or her own without legal restraint or penalty.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kasparian v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 242, 266 [45 Cal.Rptr.2d 90], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough varying language has been used to express this threshold requirement, the cases generally agree it must be reasonably probable that the prospective economic advantage would have been realized but for defendant\u2019s interference.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Youst v. Longo<\/span>\u00a0(1987) 43 Cal.3d 64, 71 [233 Cal.Rptr. 294, 729 P.2d 728], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder [the competition] privilege, \u2018\u2009\u201ca competitor is free to divert business to himself as long as he uses fair and reasonable means.\u2019 [Citation.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">I-CA Enterprises, Inc. v. Palram Americas, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 257, 292\u2013293 [185 Cal.Rptr.3d 24].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSince the crux of the competition privilege is that one can interfere with a competitor\u2019s prospective contractual relationship with a third party as long as the interfering conduct is not independently wrongful (i.e., wrongful apart from the fact of the interference itself),\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Della Penna<\/span>\u2019s requirement that a plaintiff plead and prove such wrongful conduct in order to recover for intentional interference with prospective economic advantage has resulted in a shift of burden of proof. It is now the plaintiff\u2019s burden to prove, as an element of the cause of action itself, that the defendant\u2019s conduct was independently wrongful and, therefore, was not privileged rather than the defendant\u2019s burden to prove, as an affirmative defense, that it\u2019s [<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">sic<\/span>] conduct was not independently wrongful and therefore was privileged.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bed, Bath &amp; Beyond of La Jolla, Inc. v. La Jolla Village Square Venture Partners<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 867, 881 [60 Cal.Rptr.2d 830].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]n the absence of other evidence, timing alone\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">may be sufficient<\/span>\u00a0to prove causation\u2009\u2026\u2009. Thus,\u2009\u2026 the real issue is whether, in the circumstances of the case, the proximity of the alleged cause and effect tends to demonstrate some relevant connection. If it does, then the issue is one for the fact finder to decide.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Overhill Farms, Inc. v. Lopez<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 1248, 1267 [119 Cal.Rptr.3d 127], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThere are three formulations of the manager\u2019s privilege: (1) absolute, (2) mixed motive, and (3) predominant motive.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Halvorsen v. Aramark Uniform Services, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 65 Cal.App.4th 1383, 1391 [77 Cal.Rptr.2d 383].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe conclude that a plaintiff seeking to state a claim for intentional interference with contract or prospective economic advantage because defendant induced another to undertake litigation, must allege that the litigation was brought without probable cause and that the litigation concluded in plaintiff\u2019s favor.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pacific Gas &amp; Electric Co., supra<\/span>, 50 Cal.3d at p. 1137.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009854\u2013855, 875<\/div>\n<div>Chin et al., California Practice Guide: Employment Litigation, Ch. 5(I)-F,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Intentional Interference With Contract Or Prospective Economic Advantage<\/span>, \u00b6\u00b6\u20095:463, 5:470 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>Croskey et al., California Practice Guide: Insurance Litigation, Ch. 11-G,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Intentional Interference With Contract Or Economic Advantage<\/span>, \u00b6\u200911:138.5 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>3 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 40,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fraud and Deceit and Other Business Torts<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200940.100\u201340.105\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>49\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 565,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Unfair Competition<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009565.133\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>12\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 122,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Interference<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009122.23,\u00a0122.32\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7kfjw1-80bdb4c6321911efabedbad819004692 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5d89a9-8edd5b4ad6c07b2c56ab5a08b1fbb7d1\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-5d89a9-8edd5b4ad6c07b2c56ab5a08b1fbb7d1 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-5d89a9-8edd5b4ad6c07b2c56ab5a08b1fbb7d1 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1169","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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