{"id":1209,"date":"2021-10-25T03:50:34","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:50:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1209"},"modified":"2022-05-05T16:33:09","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T16:33:09","slug":"caci-2322-affirmative-defense-insureds-voluntary-payment","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-2322-affirmative-defense-insureds-voluntary-payment\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 2322 Affirmative Defense\u2014Insured\u2019s Voluntary Payment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kum7w22t-9284bb754999d5fc1562564bb3f124b0\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kum7w22t-9284bb754999d5fc1562564bb3f124b0{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kum7w22t-9284bb754999d5fc1562564bb3f124b0 .av-special-heading-tag 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itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kum7xmat-cce6a925cd4571e8542e0c7254250aa0\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kum7xmat-cce6a925cd4571e8542e0c7254250aa0 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kum7xmat-cce6a925cd4571e8542e0c7254250aa0 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">2322\u00a0Affirmative Defense\u2014Insured\u2019s Voluntary Payment<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that it does not have to pay [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify, e.g., the amount of the settlement<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] because [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] made a voluntary payment. To succeed on this defense, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">[<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Select either or both of the following:<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] made a payment to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of third party claimant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] in [partial\/full] settlement of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of third party claimant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s claim against [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]; [or]]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [made a payment\/ [or] assumed an obligation\/ [or] incurred an expense] to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] with regard to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of third party claimant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s claim against [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]];<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">AND<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not give its consent or approval for the [payment\/ [or] obligation\/ [or] expense]. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New April 2007 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>The instructions in this series assume that the plaintiff is the insured and the defendant is the insurer. The party designations may be changed if appropriate to the facts of the case.<\/p>\n<p>This instruction is intended for use by an insurer as a defense to a breach of contract action based on a third party liability policy. This instruction also may be modified for use as a defense to a judgment creditor\u2019s action to recover on a liability policy. This defense is not available if the insurer refused to defend before the voluntary payment was made. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">21st\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Century Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (Tapia)<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 322, 328 [192 Cal.Rptr.3d 530].)<\/p>\n<p>A voluntary-payments clause in an insurance policy typically provides that the insured may not voluntarily make a payment, assume an obligation, or incur an expense without the insurer\u2019s consent. (See, e.g.,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Truck Ins. Exchange v. Unigard Ins. Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 966, 976 [94 Cal.Rptr.2d 516].) In element 1, select the appropriate options depending on the acts alleged. Modify, as necessary, depending on the actual language of the policy. Use the first option if the insured has made a payment in settlement of the claim. Use the second option if the insured has made a payment, assumed an obligation, or incurred an expense for other reasons, such as to an attorney for legal services, or to a creditor of the claimant, such as a provider of medical or repair services. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe general validity of no-voluntary-payment provisions in liability insurance policies is well established.\u2009\u2026 [S]uch clauses are common \u2018to prevent collusion as well as to invest the insurer with the complete control and direction of the defense or compromise of suits or claims.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Insua v. Scottsdale Ins. Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 737, 742 [129 Cal.Rptr.2d 138], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCalifornia law enforces \u2026 no-voluntary-payments provisions in the absence of economic necessity, insurer breach, or other extraordinary circumstances. They are designed to ensure that responsible insurers that promptly accept a defense tendered by their insureds thereby gain control over the defense and settlement of the claim. That means insureds cannot unilaterally settle a claim before the establishment of the claim against them and the insurer\u2019s refusal to defend in a lawsuit to establish liability \u2026\u2009. [T]he decision to pay any remediation costs outside the civil action context raises a \u2018judgment call left solely to the insurer.\u2019 In short, the provision protects against coverage by fait accompli.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Low v. Golden Eagle Ins. Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 1532, 1544 [2 Cal.Rptr.3d 761], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Typically, a breach of that provision occurs, if at all, before the insured has tendered the defense to the insurer.\u2019 \u2026 [A voluntary-payments] provision\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">is<\/span>\u00a0[also] enforceable posttender until the insurer wrongfully denies tender. \u2018[I]t is only when the insured has requested\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">and been denied a defense by the insurer<\/span>\u00a0that the insured may ignore the policy\u2019s provisions forbidding the incurring of defense costs without the insurer\u2019s prior consent and under the compulsion of that refusal undertake his own defense at the insurer\u2019s expense.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Low, supra,<\/span>\u00a0110 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1546\u20131547, original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[T]he existence or absence of prejudice to [the insurer] is simply irrelevant to [its] duty to indemnify costs incurred\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">before<\/span>\u00a0notice. The policy plainly provides that notice is a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">condition precedent<\/span>\u00a0to the insured\u2019s right to be indemnified; a fortiori the right to be indemnified cannot relate back to payments made or obligations incurred before notice.\u2019 \u2026 The prejudice requirement \u2026 applies only to the insurer\u2019s attempt to assert lack of notice as a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">policy defense<\/span>\u00a0against payment even of losses and costs incurred\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">after<\/span>\u00a0belated notice.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jamestown Builders, Inc. v. General Star Indemnity Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 77 Cal.App.4th 341, 350 [91 Cal.Rptr.2d 514], original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]e hold that California\u2019s notice-prejudice rule is applicable to a consent provision in a first party policy where coverage does not depend on the existence of a third party claim or potential claim.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pitzer College v. Indian Harbor Ins. Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 8 Cal.5th 93, 109 [251 Cal.Rptr.3d 701, 447 P.3d 669].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018There may be exceptions to the prohibition on voluntary payments, as where the insured is unaware of the identity of the insurer, the payment is necessary for reasons beyond the insured\u2019s control, or the insured faces a situation requiring an immediate response to protect its legal interests.\u2019 In a circumstance of that nature, the insured\u2019s payment is considered\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">involuntary<\/span>.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Belz v. Clarendon America Ins. Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 615, 628 [69 Cal.Rptr.3d 864], original italics, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIf an insurer\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">refuses<\/span>\u00a0to defend, the insured is free to enter into a non-collusive settlement and then maintain\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">or<\/span>\u00a0assign an action against the insurer for breach of the duty to defend. In the subsequent action the amount of the settlement\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">will<\/span>\u00a0be presumptive evidence of the amount of the insured\u2019s liability.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">21st\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Century Ins. Co.<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 240 Cal.App.4th at p. 328, original italics.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>2 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Insurance, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009459, 464<\/div>\n<div>Croskey et al., California Practice Guide: Insurance Litigation, Ch. 7A-L,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Conditions<\/span>\u00a0\u00b6\u00b6\u20097:439.5\u20137:439.10 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>California Liability Insurance Practice: Claims and Litigation (Cont.Ed.Bar), \u00a7\u00a7\u20092.7, 3.27, 8.32, 11.14, 23.38<\/div>\n<div>25\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 300,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Indemnity and Contribution<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009300.73[6]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>26\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 308,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Insurance<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009308.500, 308.502 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7a4409-d07a4fa643ed0a110cdd394d0e8df41e hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-68jvg9-c71006770b0ab5e0457111355c674128\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-68jvg9-c71006770b0ab5e0457111355c674128 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-68jvg9-c71006770b0ab5e0457111355c674128 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1209","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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