{"id":1453,"date":"2021-10-25T03:51:56","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:51:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1453"},"modified":"2022-05-05T20:20:13","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T20:20:13","slug":"caci-2800-employers-affirmative-defense-injury-covered-by-workers-compensation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-2800-employers-affirmative-defense-injury-covered-by-workers-compensation\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 2800 Employer\u2019s Affirmative Defense\u2014Injury Covered by Workers\u2019 Compensation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuusa31v-eb515c51fdb6a9d6078b81487d410f8d\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuusa31v-eb515c51fdb6a9d6078b81487d410f8d{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuusa31v-eb515c51fdb6a9d6078b81487d410f8d .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuusa31v-eb515c51fdb6a9d6078b81487d410f8d .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuusa31v-eb515c51fdb6a9d6078b81487d410f8d av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 2800 Employer\u2019s Affirmative Defense\u2014Injury Covered by Workers\u2019 Compensation<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuusbddv-0948db705bfc576c1281b978b3e07dac\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kuusbddv-0948db705bfc576c1281b978b3e07dac .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuusbddv-0948db705bfc576c1281b978b3e07dac '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">2800\u00a0Employer\u2019s Affirmative Defense\u2014Injury Covered by Workers\u2019 Compensation<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s employee and therefore can only recover under California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. To succeed on this defense, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s employee;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [had workers\u2019 compensation insurance [covering [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] at the time of injury]\/was self-insured for workers\u2019 compensation claims [at the time of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s injury]];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s injury occurred while [he\/she<\/span>\/<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was working, or performing a task for or related to the work [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] hired [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to do; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That this [task\/work] contributed to causing the injury.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Any person performing services for another, other than as an independent contractor, is presumed to be an employee. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised October 2004, May 2018 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction is intended for use if the plaintiff is suing a defendant claiming to be the plaintiff\u2019s employer. This instruction is not intended for use if the plaintiff is suing under an exception to the workers\u2019 compensation exclusivity rule.<\/p>\n<p>Element 3 expresses the requirement that the employee be acting in the course of employment at the time of injury. Element 4 expresses what is referred to as \u201cindustrial causation\u201d; that the work was a contributing cause of the injury. The two requirements are different, and both must be proved. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lee v. West Kern Water Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 5 Cal.App.5th 606, 625 [210 Cal.Rptr.3d 362].) For an instruction asserting that element 3 does not apply, see\u00a0CACI No. 2805,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Employee Not Within Course of Employment\u2014Employer Conduct Unrelated to Employment<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>For other instructions regarding employment status, such as special employment and independent contractors, see instructions in the Vicarious Responsibility series (CACI Nos. 3700\u20133726). These instructions may need to be modified to fit this context.<\/p>\n<p>Labor Code section 3351\u00a0defines \u201cemployee\u201d for purposes of workers\u2019 compensation.\u00a0Labor Code section 3352\u00a0sets forth exceptions. This instruction should not be given if the plaintiff\/employee has been determined to fall within a statutory exception.<\/p>\n<p>If appropriate to the facts of the case, see instructions on the going-and-coming rule in the Vicarious Responsibility series. These instructions may need to be modified to fit this context. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Exclusive Remedy.\u00a0Labor Code section 3602(a).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Conditions of Compensation.\u00a0Labor Code section 3600(a).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">If Conditions of Compensation Not Met.\u00a0Labor Code section 3602(c).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cEmployee\u201d Defined.\u00a0Labor Code section 3351.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Presumption of Employment Status.\u00a0Labor Code section 3357.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Failure to Secure Payment of Compensation.\u00a0Labor Code section 3706.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he basis for the exclusivity rule in workers\u2019 compensation law is the \u2018presumed \u201ccompensation bargain,\u201d pursuant to which the employer assumes liability for industrial personal injury or death without regard to fault in exchange for limitations on the amount of that liability. The employee is afforded relatively swift and certain payment of benefits to cure or relieve the effects of industrial injury without having to prove fault but, in exchange, gives up the wider range of damages potentially available in tort.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fermino v. Fedco, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 7 Cal.4th 701, 708 [30 Cal.Rptr.2d 18, 872 P.2d 559], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBecause an employer faced with a civil complaint seeking to enforce a common law remedy which does not state facts indicating coverage by the act bears the burden of pleading and proving \u2018that the (act) is a bar to the employee\u2019s ordinary remedy,\u2019 we believe that the burden includes a showing by the employer-defendant, through appropriate pleading and proof, that he had \u2018secured the payment of compensation\u2019 in accordance with the provisions of the act.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Doney v. Tambouratgis<\/span>\u00a0(1979) 23 Cal.3d 91, 98, fn. 8 [151 Cal.Rptr. 347, 587 P.2d 1160], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA defendant need not plead and prove that it has purchased workers\u2019 compensation insurance where the plaintiff alleges facts that otherwise bring the case within the exclusive province of workers\u2019 compensation law, and no facts presented in the pleadings or at trial negate the workers\u2019 compensation law\u2019s application or the employer\u2019s insurance coverage.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gibbs v. American Airlines, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 1, 14 [87 Cal.Rptr.2d 554], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he fact that an employee has received workers\u2019 compensation benefits from some source does not bar the employee\u2019s civil action against an uninsured employer. Instead, \u2018[t]he price that must be paid by each employer for immunity from tort liability is the purchase of a workers\u2019 compensation policy [and where the employer chooses] not to pay that price \u2026 it should not be immune from liability.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Huffman v. City of Poway<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 975, 987 [101 Cal.Rptr.2d 325], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act, employees are automatically entitled to recover benefits for injuries \u2018arising out of and in the course of the employment.\u2019\u2009\u2018When the conditions of compensation exist, recovery under the workers\u2019 compensation scheme \u201cis the exclusive remedy against an employer for injury or death of an employee.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Piscitelli v. Friedenberg<\/span>\u00a0(2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 953, 986 [105 Cal.Rptr.2d 88], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnlike many other states, in California workers\u2019 compensation provides the exclusive remedy for at least some intentional torts committed by an employer.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fermino<\/span>\u00a0described a \u2018tripartite system for classifying injuries arising in the course of employment. First, there are injuries caused by employer negligence or without employer fault that are compensated at the normal rate under the workers\u2019 compensation system. Second, there are injuries caused by ordinary employer conduct that intentionally, knowingly or recklessly harms an employee, for which the employee may be entitled to extra compensation under section 4553. Third, there are certain types of intentional employer conduct which bring the employer beyond the boundaries of the compensation bargain, for which a civil action may be brought.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gunnell v. Metrocolor Laboratories, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 710, 723 [112 Cal.Rptr.2d 195], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt has long been established in this jurisdiction that, generally speaking, a defendant in a civil action who claims to be one of that class of persons protected from an action at law by the provisions of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act bears the burden of pleading and proving, as an affirmative defense to the action, the existence of the conditions of compensation set forth in the statute which are necessary to its application.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Doney, supra<\/span>, 23 Cal.3d at p. 96, internal citations and footnote omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCalifornia courts have held worker\u2019s compensation proceedings to be the exclusive remedy for certain third party claims deemed collateral to or derivative of the employee\u2019s injury. Courts have held that the exclusive jurisdiction provisions bar civil actions against employers by nondependent parents of an employee for the employee\u2019s wrongful death, by an employee\u2019s spouse for loss of the employee\u2019s services or consortium, and for emotional distress suffered by a spouse in witnessing the employee\u2019s injuries.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Snyder v. Michael\u2019s Stores, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 16 Cal.4th 991, 997 [68 Cal.Rptr.2d 476, 945 P.2d 781], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018An employer-employee relationship must exist in order to bring the \u2026 Act into effect. (\u00a7\u20093600)\u2019 However, the coverage of the Act extends beyond those who have entered into \u2018traditional contract[s] of hire.\u2019\u2009\u2018[S]ection 3351 provides broadly that for the purpose of the \u2026 Act, \u201c\u2009\u2018Employee\u2019 means every person in the service of an employer under any appointment or contract of hire or apprenticeship, express or implied, oral or written\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u2019\u2009\u201d Given this \u2018section\u2019s explicit use of the disjunctive,\u2019 a contract of hire is not \u2018a prerequisite\u2019 to the existence of an employment relationship. Moreover, under section 3357, \u2018[a]ny person rendering service for another, other than as an independent contractor, or unless expressly excluded\u2009\u2026\u2009, is presumed to be an employee.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Arriaga v. County of Alameda<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 9 Cal.4th 1055, 1060\u20131061 [40 Cal.Rptr.2d 116, 892 P.2d 150], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cGiven these broad statutory contours, we believe that an \u2018employment\u2019 relationship sufficient to bring the act into play cannot be determined simply from technical contractual or common law conceptions of employment but must instead be resolved by reference to the history and fundamental purposes underlying the Workmen\u2019s Compensation Act.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Laeng v. Workmen\u2019s Comp. Appeals Bd.<\/span>\u00a0(1972) 6 Cal.3d 771, 777 [100 Cal.Rptr. 377, 494 P.2d 1], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[C]ourts generally are more exacting in requiring proof of an employment relationship when such a relationship is asserted as a defense by the employer to a common law action.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Spradlin v. Cox<\/span>\u00a0(1988) 201 Cal.App.3d 799, 808 [247 Cal.Rptr. 347], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe question of whether a person is an employee may be one of fact, of mixed law and fact, or of law only. Where the facts are undisputed, the question is one of law, and the Court of Appeal may independently review those facts to determine the correct answer.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Barragan v. Workers\u2019 Comp. Appeals Bd.<\/span>\u00a0(1987) 195 Cal.App.3d 637, 642 [240 Cal.Rptr. 811], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAn employee may have more than one employer for purposes of workers\u2019 compensation, and, in situations of dual employers, the second or \u2018special\u2019 employer may enjoy the same immunity from a common law negligence action on account of an industrial injury as does the first or \u2018general\u2019 employer. Identifying and analyzing such situations \u2018is one of the most ancient and complex questions of law in not only compensation but tort law.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Santa Cruz Poultry, Inc. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 575, 578 [239 Cal.Rptr. 578], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn determining whether an employee is covered within the compensation system and thus entitled to recover compensation benefits, the \u2018definitional reach of these covered employment relationships is very broad.\u2019 A covered employee is \u2018every person in the service of an employer under any appointment or contract of hire or apprenticeship, express or implied, oral or written.\u2019\u2009\u2018Any person rendering service for another, other than as an independent contractor, or unless expressly excluded herein, is presumed to be an employee.\u2019 \u2026 [T]hese provisions mandate a broad and generous interpretation in favor of inclusion in the system. Necessarily the other side of that coin is a presumption against the availability of a tort action where an employment relation exists. One result cannot exist without the other. Further, this result does not depend upon \u2018informed consent,\u2019 but rather on the parties\u2019 legal status.\u2009\u2026 [W]here the facts of employment are not disputed, the existence of a covered relationship is a question of law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Santa Cruz Poultry, Inc., supra<\/span>, 194 Cal.App.3d at pp. 583\u2013584, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018The requirement of \u2026 section 3600 is twofold. On the one hand, the injury must occur \u201cin the course of the employment.\u201d This concept \u201cordinarily refers to the time, place, and circumstances under which the injury occurs.\u201d Thus \u201c\u2009\u2018[a]n employee is in the \u201ccourse of his employment\u201d when he does those reasonable things which his contract with his employment expressly or impliedly permits him to do.\u2019\u2009\u201d And, ipso facto, an employee acts within the course of his employment when \u201c\u2009\u2018performing a duty imposed upon him by his employer and one necessary to perform before the terms of the contract [are] mutually satisfied.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019 [\u00b6] \u2018On the other hand, the statute requires that an injury \u201carise out of\u201d the employment.\u2009\u2026 It has long been settled that for an injury to \u201carise out of the employment\u201d it must \u201coccur by reason of a condition or incident of [the] employment\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d That is, the employment and the injury must be linked in some causal fashion.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">LaTourette v. Workers\u2019 Comp. Appeals Bd.<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 17 Cal.4th 644, 651 [72 Cal.Rptr.2d 217, 951 P.2d 1184], internal citations and footnote omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe requirements that an injury arise out of employment or be proximately caused by employment are sometimes referred to together as the requirement of industrial causation. It is a looser concept of causation than the concept of proximate cause employed in tort law. In general, the industrial causation requirement is satisfied \u2018if the connection between work and the injury [is] a contributing cause of the injury\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lee v. West Kern Water Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 5 Cal.App.5th 606, 624 [210 Cal.Rptr.3d 362], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cFor our purposes here, it is important that \u2018arising out of\u2019 and \u2018in the course of\u2019 are two separate requirements. Even if it is conceded that an employee was injured while performing job tasks in the workplace during working hours, the exclusivity rule applies only if it also is shown that the work was a contributing cause of the injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lee, supra<\/span>, 5 Cal.App.5th at p. 625.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe jury could properly make this finding [that conduct was not within scope of employment] by applying special instruction No. 5, the instruction stating that an employer\u2019s conduct falls outside the workers\u2019 compensation scheme when an employer steps outside of its proper role or engages in conduct unrelated to the employment. This instruction stated the doctrine of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fermino<\/span>\u00a0correctly.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lee, supra<\/span>, 5 Cal.App.5th at pp. 628\u2013629.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe concept of \u2018scope of employment\u2019 in tort is more restrictive than the phrase \u2018arising out of and in the course of employment,\u2019 used in workers\u2019 compensation.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tognazzini v. San Luis Coastal Unified School Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(2001) 86 Cal.App.4th 1053, 1057 [103 Cal.Rptr.2d 790], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhether an employee\u2019s injury arose out of and in the course of her employment is generally a question of fact to be determined in light of the circumstances of the particular case. However, where the facts are undisputed, resolution of the question becomes a matter of law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wright v. Beverly Fabrics, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 346, 353 [115 Cal.Rptr.2d 503], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cInjuries sustained while an employee is performing tasks within his or her employment contract but outside normal work hours are within the course of employment. The rationale is that the employee is still acting in furtherance of the employer\u2019s business.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wright, supra<\/span>, 95 Cal.App.4th at p. 354.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>2 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Workers\u2019 Compensation, \u00a7\u00a7\u200923\u201349<\/div>\n<div>Chin et al., California Practice Guide: Employment Litigation, Ch. 15-F,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">California Workers\u2019 Compensation Act Preemption<\/span>, \u00b6\u00b6\u2009 15:520 et seq., 15:555 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>1 Hanna, California Law of Employee Injuries and Workers\u2019 Compensation (2d ed.) Ch. 4, \u00a7\u00a7\u20094.03\u20134.06 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1 Herlick, California Workers\u2019 Compensation Law (6th ed.), Ch. 10,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">The Injury<\/span>, \u00a7\u200910.09 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1\u00a0California Employment Law, Ch. 20,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Liability for Work-Related Injuries<\/span>, \u00a7\u200920.10\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 10,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Effect of Workers\u2019 Compensation Law<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200910.02,\u00a010.03[3],\u00a010.10\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>51\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 577,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Workers\u2019 Compensation<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009577.310,\u00a0577.530\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>23\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 239,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Workers\u2019 Compensation Exclusive Remedy Doctrine<\/span>\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-6vn2h9-cb0a1d4fa1513fa8b328804eb4a79123 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-55fwwt-6fd2b6819528ef271c18e57660cfad0a\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-55fwwt-6fd2b6819528ef271c18e57660cfad0a .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-55fwwt-6fd2b6819528ef271c18e57660cfad0a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1453","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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