{"id":1529,"date":"2021-10-25T03:52:15","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:52:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1529"},"modified":"2022-05-05T20:45:21","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T20:45:21","slug":"caci-3001-local-government-liability-policy-or-custom-essential-factual-elements-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3001-local-government-liability-policy-or-custom-essential-factual-elements-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3001 Local Government Liability\u2014Policy or Custom\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuutygcb-ca3c91cb8b9d4df57ab4abaeb5dd727b\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuutygcb-ca3c91cb8b9d4df57ab4abaeb5dd727b{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuutygcb-ca3c91cb8b9d4df57ab4abaeb5dd727b .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuutygcb-ca3c91cb8b9d4df57ab4abaeb5dd727b .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuutygcb-ca3c91cb8b9d4df57ab4abaeb5dd727b av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3001 Local Government Liability\u2014Policy or Custom\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuutznvc-5a20fe71f98ae5348bd40dd61aa08505\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kuutznvc-5a20fe71f98ae5348bd40dd61aa08505 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuutznvc-5a20fe71f98ae5348bd40dd61aa08505 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3001\u00a0Local Government Liability\u2014Policy or Custom\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was deprived of [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] civil rights as a result of an official [policy\/custom] of the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of local governmental entity<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of local governmental entity<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had an official [policy\/custom] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify policy or custom<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of officer or employee<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was an [officer\/employee\/[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">other<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of local governmental entity<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of officer or employee<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [intentionally\/[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert other applicable state of mind<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert conduct allegedly violating plaintiff\u2019s civil rights<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of officer or employee<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct violated [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s right [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify right<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of officer or employee<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] acted because of this official [policy\/custom]. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised December 2010; Renumbered from CACI No. 3007 and Revised December 2012 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Give this instruction and\u00a0CACI No. 3002,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">\u201cOfficial Policy or Custom\u201d Explained<\/span>, if the plaintiff seeks to hold a local governmental entity liable for a civil rights violation based on the entity\u2019s official policy or custom. First give\u00a0CACI No. 3000,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Violation of Federal Civil Rights\u2014In General\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>, and the instructions on the particular constitutional violation alleged.<\/p>\n<p>In element 3, a constitutional violation is not always based on intentional conduct. Insert the appropriate level of scienter. For example,\u00a0Eighth Amendment\u00a0cases involving failure to provide a prisoner with proper medical care require \u201cdeliberate indifference.\u201d (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hudson v. McMillian<\/span>\u00a0(1992) 503 U.S. 1, 5 [112 S.Ct. 995, 117 L.Ed.2d 156].) And\u00a0Fourth Amendment\u00a0claims require an \u201cunreasonable\u201d search or seizure. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Sacramento County Deputy Sheriffs\u2019 Assn. v. County of Sacramento<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 1468, 1477 [59 Cal.Rptr.2d 834.)<\/p>\n<p>For other theories of liability against a local governmental entity, see\u00a0CACI No. 3003,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Local Government Liability\u2014Failure to Train\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>, and\u00a0CACI No. 3004,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Local Government Liability\u2014Act or Ratification by Official With Final Policymaking Authority\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]t is when execution of a government\u2019s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury that the government as an entity is responsible under \u00a7\u20091983.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Monell v. Dept. of Social Services of New York<\/span>\u00a0(1978) 436 U.S. 658, 694 [98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Local governmental entities \u201c\u2009\u2018can be sued directly under \u00a7\u20091983 for monetary, declaratory, or injunctive relief where \u2026 the action that is alleged to be unconstitutional implements or executes a policy statement, ordinance, regulation, or decision officially adopted.\u2009\u2026\u2019\u2009\u201d Local governmental entities also can be sued \u201c\u2009\u2018for constitutional deprivations visited pursuant to governmental \u201ccustom.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d In addition, \u201c\u2009\u2018[t]he plaintiff must \u2026 demonstrate that, through its\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">deliberate<\/span>\u00a0conduct, the municipality was the \u201cmoving force\u201d behind the injury alleged. That is, a plaintiff must show that the municipal action was taken with the requisite degree of culpability and must demonstrate a direct causal link between the municipal action and the deprivation of federal rights.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Zelig v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(2002) 27 Cal.4th 1112, 1147 [119 Cal.Rptr.2d 709, 45 P.3d 1171], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cEntity liability may arise in one of two forms. The municipality may itself have directed the deprivation of federal rights through an express government policy. This was the situation in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Monell,<\/span>\u00a0where there was an explicit policy requiring pregnant government employees to take unpaid leaves of absence before such leaves were medically required.\u2009\u2026 Alternatively, the municipality may have in place a custom or practice so widespread in usage as to constitute the functional equivalent of an express policy.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Choate v. County of Orange<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 86 Cal.App.4th 312, 328 [103 Cal.Rptr.2d 339].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[I]n order to successfully maintain an action under\u00a042 United States Code section 1983\u00a0against governmental defendants for the tortious conduct of employees under federal law, it is necessary to establish that the conduct occurred in execution of a government\u2019s policy or custom promulgated either by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Newton v. County of Napa<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 217 Cal.App.3d 1551, 1564 [266 Cal.Rptr. 682], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Monell<\/span>\u00a0provides that a governmental entity may only be held liable where the entity causes a constitutional violation. To establish\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Monell<\/span>\u00a0liability, \u2018\u2009\u201ca plaintiff must \u2018identify the challenged policy, [practice, or custom,] attribute it to the [county] itself, and show a causal link between the execution of the policy, [practice, or custom,] and the injury suffered.\u2019\u2009\u201d [Citation.] In addition, plaintiffs must \u201cpresent scienter-like evidence of indifference on the part of a particular policymaker or policymakers.\u201d [Citation.] The requirement of producing scienter-like evidence on the part of an official with policymaking authority is consistent with the conclusion that \u201cabsent the conscious decision or deliberate indifference of some natural person, a [governmental entity], as an abstract entity, cannot be deemed to have engaged in a constitutional violation by virtue of a policy, a custom or failure to train.\u201d [Citation.] \u201c[I]n the absence of any unconstitutional statute or rule, it is plaintiffs\u2019 burden to articulate a factual basis that demonstrates considerably more proof than a single incident.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Arista v. County of Riverside<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 29 Cal.App.5th 1051, 1064 [241 Cal.Rptr.3d 437].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Monell<\/span>, a local government body can be held liable under \u00a7\u20091983 for policies of inaction as well as policies of action. A policy of action is one in which the government body itself violates someone\u2019s constitutional rights, or instructs its employees to do so; a policy of inaction is based on a government body\u2019s \u2018failure to implement procedural safeguards to prevent constitutional violations.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jackson v. Barnes<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2014) 749 F.3d 755, 763], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cNormally, the question of whether a policy or custom exists would be a jury question. However, when there are no genuine issues of material fact and the plaintiff has failed to establish a prima facie case, disposition by summary judgment is appropriate.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Trevino v. Gates<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1996) 99 F.3d 911, 920.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA triable issue exists as to whether the root of the unconstitutional behavior exhibited in [plaintiff]\u2019s case lies in the unofficial operating procedure of [defendant] County or in the errant acts of individual social workers, and this question should go to a jury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kirkpatrick v. County of Washoe<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2015) 792 F.3d 1184, 1201.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAt most,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Monell<\/span>\u00a0liability adds an additional defendant, a municipality, to the universe of actors who will be jointly and severally liable for the award.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Choate, supra,<\/span>\u00a086 Cal.App.4th at p. 328.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo meet this [<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Monell<\/span>] requirement, the plaintiff must show both causation-in-fact and proximate causation.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gravelet-Blondin v. Shelton<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2013) 728 F.3d 1086, 1096.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAny damages resulting from a possible\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Monell<\/span>\u00a0claim would result from the same constitutional violation of the warrantless arrest which resulted in nominal damages. Even if [plaintiff] were to prove the City failed to adequately train the police officers, the result would simply be another theory of action concerning the conduct the jury has already determined was not the proximate cause of [plaintiff]\u2019s injuries. [Plaintiff]\u2019s recovery, if any, based upon a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Monell<\/span>\u00a0claim would be limited to nominal damages.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">George v. Long Beach<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1992) 973 F.2d 706, 709.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cLocal governmental bodies such as cities and counties are considered \u2018persons\u2019 subject to suit under section 1983. States and their instrumentalities, on the other hand, are not.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kirchmann v. Lake Elsinore Unified School Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 1098, 1101 [100 Cal.Rptr.2d 289], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA municipality can be sued under section 1983 for \u2018constitutional deprivations visited pursuant to governmental \u201ccustom.\u201d\u2009\u2019 However, \u2018Congress did not intend municipalities to be held liable unless action pursuant to official municipal policy of some nature caused a constitutional tort. In particular,\u2009\u2026 a municipality cannot be held liable solely because it employs a tortfeasor\u2014or, in other words, a municipality cannot be held liable under \u00a7\u20091983 on a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">respondeat superior<\/span>\u00a0theory.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Marshall v. County of San Diego<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 1095, 1118 [190 Cal.Rptr.3d 97], original italics, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA local governmental unit is liable only if the alleged deprivation of rights \u2018implements or executes a policy statement, ordinance, regulation, or decision officially adopted and promulgated by that body\u2019s officers,\u2019 or when the injury is in \u2018execution of a [local] government\u2019s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">County of Los Angeles v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 1166, 1171 [80 Cal.Rptr.2d 860], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA municipality\u2019s policy or custom resulting in constitutional injury may be actionable even though the individual public servants are shielded by good faith immunity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bach v. County of Butte<\/span>\u00a0(1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 554, 568 [195 Cal.Rptr. 268], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cNo punitive damages can be awarded against a public entity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Choate, supra,<\/span>\u00a086 Cal.App.4th at p. 328, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he requirements of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Monell<\/span>\u00a0do apply to suits against private entities under \u00a7\u20091983.\u2009\u2026 [W]e see no basis in the reasoning underlying\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Monell<\/span>\u00a0to distinguish between municipalities and private entities acting under color of state law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2012) 698 F.3d 1128, 1139, internal citations omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>8 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Constitutional Law, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009888, 892 et seq.<\/div>\n<div>17A\u00a0Moore\u2019s Federal Practice (3d ed.), Ch.123,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Access to Courts: Eleventh Amendment and State Sovereign Immunity<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009123.23\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1 Civil Rights Actions, Ch. 2,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Governmental Liability and Immunity<\/span>, \u00b6\u20092.03[2][a] (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>11\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 113,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Rights: The Post-Civil War Civil Rights Statutes,<\/span>\u00a0\u00a7\u2009113.14\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-86zoa1-f1b094536f927fe12139424090544d41 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6dv2ex-6a1ced2011b224ea257ddc0f1951b55e\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-6dv2ex-6a1ced2011b224ea257ddc0f1951b55e .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-6dv2ex-6a1ced2011b224ea257ddc0f1951b55e '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1529","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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