{"id":1530,"date":"2021-10-25T03:52:15","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:52:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1530"},"modified":"2022-05-05T20:44:32","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T20:44:32","slug":"caci-3000-violation-of-federal-civil-rights-in-general-essential-factual-elements-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3000-violation-of-federal-civil-rights-in-general-essential-factual-elements-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3000 Violation of Federal Civil Rights\u2014In General\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuutwv5n-b76b435a26fdd9d2ad4ae4c5ff445f2a\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuutwv5n-b76b435a26fdd9d2ad4ae4c5ff445f2a{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuutwv5n-b76b435a26fdd9d2ad4ae4c5ff445f2a .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuutwv5n-b76b435a26fdd9d2ad4ae4c5ff445f2a .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuutwv5n-b76b435a26fdd9d2ad4ae4c5ff445f2a av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3000 Violation of Federal Civil Rights\u2014In General\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  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0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuuty3lz-9657e956ee5634ce150fac5f4c56bcee\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kuuty3lz-9657e956ee5634ce150fac5f4c56bcee .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuuty3lz-9657e956ee5634ce150fac5f4c56bcee '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3000\u00a0Violation of Federal Civil Rights\u2014In General\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] violated [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] civil rights. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [intentionally\/[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">other applicable state of mind<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert wrongful act<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was acting or purporting to act in the performance of [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] official duties;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct violated [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s right [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert right, e.g., \u201cof privacy\u201d<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert wrongful act<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>In element 1, the standard is not always based on intentional conduct. Insert the appropriate level of scienter. For example,\u00a0Eighth Amendment\u00a0cases involve conduct carried out with \u201cdeliberate indifference,\u201d and\u00a0Fourth Amendment\u00a0claims do not necessarily involve intentional conduct. The \u201cofficial duties\u201d referred to in element 2 must be duties created pursuant to any state, county, or municipal law, ordinance, or regulation. This aspect of color of law most likely will not be a jury issue, so it has been omitted to shorten the wording of element 2. This instruction is intended for claims not covered by any of the following more specific instructions regarding the elements that the plaintiff must prove. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Civil Action for Deprivation of Rights. Title\u00a042 United States Code section 1983.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c42 United States Code section 1983\u00a0\u2026 was enacted \u2018to deter state actors from using the badge of their authority to deprive individuals of their federally guaranteed rights and to provide relief to victims if such deterrence fails.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Modacure v. B&amp;B Vehicle Processing, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 30 Cal.App.5th 690, 693 [241 Cal.Rptr.3d 761].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA \u00a7\u20091983 claim creates a species of tort liability, with damages determined \u2018according to principles derived from the common law of torts.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mendez v. Cty. of L.A.<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2018) 897 F.3d 1067, 1074.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA claim under\u00a042 United States Code section 1983\u00a0may be based on a showing that the defendant, acting under color of state law, deprived the plaintiff of a federally protected right.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Modacure, supra<\/span>, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 694.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAs we have said many times, \u00a7\u20091983 \u2018is not itself a source of substantive rights,\u2019 but merely provides \u2018a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Graham v. Connor<\/span>\u00a0(1989) 490 U.S. 386, 393\u2013394 [109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSection 1983 does not create any substantive rights; rather it is the vehicle whereby plaintiffs can challenge actions by governmental officials.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jones v. Williams<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2002) 297 F.3d 930, 934.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBy the plain terms of \u00a7\u20091983, two\u2014and only two\u2014allegations are required in order to state a cause of action under that statute. First, the plaintiff must allege that some person has deprived him of a federal right. Second, he must allege that the person who has deprived him of that right acted under color of state or territorial law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Catsouras v. Department of California Highway Patrol<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 856, 890 [104 Cal.Rptr.3d 352].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSection 1983 can also be used to enforce federal statutes. For a statutory provision to be privately enforceable, however, it must create an individual right.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Henry A. v. Willden<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2012) 678 F.3d 991, 1005, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSection 1983 claims may be brought in either state or federal court.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pitts v. County of Kern<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 17 Cal.4th 340, 348 [70 Cal.Rptr.2d 823, 949 P.2d 920].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[S]tates are not \u2018persons\u2019 subject to suit under section 1983.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mackey v. Board of Trustees of California State University<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 640, 654 [242 Cal.Rptr.3d 757].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe jury was properly instructed on [plaintiff]\u2019s burden of proof and the particular elements of the section 1983 claim. (CACI No. 3000.)\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">King v. State of California<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 265, 280 [195 Cal.Rptr.3d 286].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018State courts look to federal law to determine what conduct will support an action under section 1983. The first inquiry in any section 1983 suit is to identify the precise constitutional violation with which the defendant is charged.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Weaver v. State of California<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 188, 203 [73 Cal.Rptr.2d 571], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Qualified immunity is an affirmative defense against section 1983 claims. Its purpose is to shield public officials \u201cfrom undue interference with their duties and from potentially disabling threats of liability.\u201d The defense provides immunity from suit, not merely from liability. Its purpose is to spare defendants the burden of going forward with trial.\u2019 Because it is an immunity from suit, not just a mere defense to liability, it is important to resolve immunity questions at the earliest possible stage in litigation. Immunity should ordinarily be resolved by the court, not a jury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Martinez v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 334, 342 [54 Cal.Rptr.2d 772], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[D]efendants cannot be held liable for a constitutional violation under\u00a042 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983\u00a0unless they were integral participants in the unlawful conduct. We have held that defendants can be liable for \u2018integral participation\u2019 even if the actions of each defendant do not \u2018rise to the level of a constitutional violation.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Keates v. Koile<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2018) 883 F.3d 1228, 1241, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cConstitutional torts employ the same measure of damages as common law torts and are not augmented \u2018based on the abstract \u201cvalue\u201d or \u201cimportance\u201d of constitutional rights \u2026\u2009.\u2019 Plaintiffs have the burden of proving compensatory damages in section 1983 cases, and the amount of damages depends \u2018largely upon the credibility of the plaintiffs\u2019 testimony concerning their injuries.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Choate v. County of Orange<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 86 Cal.App.4th 312, 321 [103 Cal.Rptr.2d 339], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[E]ntitlement to compensatory damages in a civil rights action is not a matter of discretion: \u2018Compensatory damages \u2026 are mandatory; once liability is found, the jury is required to award compensatory damages in an amount appropriate to compensate the plaintiff for his loss.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hazle v. Crofoot<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2013) 727 F.3d 983, 992.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he state defendants\u2019 explanation of the jury\u2019s zero-damages award as allocating all of [plaintiff]\u2019s injury to absent persons reflects the erroneous view that not only could zero damages be awarded to [plaintiff], but that [plaintiff]\u2019s damages were capable of apportionment. [Plaintiff] independently challenges the jury instruction and verdict form that allowed the jury to decide this question, contending that the district judge should have concluded, as a matter of law, that [plaintiff] was entitled to compensatory damages and that defendants were jointly and severally liable for his injuries. He is correct. The district judge erred in putting the question of apportionment to the jury in the first place, because the question of whether an injury is capable of apportionment is a legal one to be decided by the judge, not the jury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hazle, supra<\/span>, 727 F.3d at pp. 994\u2013995.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAn individual acts under color of state law when he or she exercises power \u2018possessed by virtue of state law and made possible only because the wrongdoer is clothed with the authority of state law.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Naffe v. Frey<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2015) 789 F.3d 1030, 1036.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe Supreme Court has interpreted the phrase \u2018under \u201ccolor\u201d of law\u2019 to mean \u2018under \u201cpretense\u201d of law.\u2019 A police officer\u2019s actions are under pretense of law only if they are \u2018in some way \u201crelated to the performance of his official duties.\u201d\u2009\u2019 By contrast, an officer who is \u2018\u2009\u201cpursuing his own goals and is not in any way subject to control by [his public employer],\u201d\u2009\u2019 does not act under color of law, unless he \u2018purports or pretends\u2019 to do so. Officers who engage in confrontations for personal reasons unrelated to law enforcement, and do not \u2018purport[] or pretend[]\u2019 to be officers, do not act under color of law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Huffman v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1998) 147 F.3d 1054, 1058, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA state employee who is off duty nevertheless acts under color of state law when (1) the employee \u2018purport[s] to or pretend[s] to act under color of law,\u2019 (2) his \u2018pretense of acting in the performance of his duties \u2026 had the purpose and effect of influencing the behavior of others,\u2019 and (3) the harm inflicted on plaintiff \u2018related in some meaningful way either to the officer\u2019s governmental status or to the performance of his duties.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Naffe, supra<\/span>, 789 F.3d at p. 1037, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018While generally not applicable to private parties, a \u00a7\u20091983 action can lie against a private party when \u201che is a willful participant in joint action with the State or its agents.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Julian v. Mission Community Hospital<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 360, 396 [218 Cal.Rptr.3d 38].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder this Court\u2019s cases, a private entity can qualify as a state actor in a few limited circumstances\u2014including, for example, (i) when the private entity performs a traditional, exclusive public function; (ii) when the government compels the private entity to take a particular action; or (iii) when the government acts jointly with the private entity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Manhattan Cmty. Access Corp. v. Halleck<\/span>\u00a0(2019) \u2014 U.S. \u2014 [139 S.Ct. 1921, 1928, 204 L.Ed.2d 405], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[P]rivate parties ordinarily are not subject to suit under [section 1983], unless, sifting the circumstances of the particular case, the state has so significantly involved itself in the private conduct that the private parties may fairly be termed state actors. Among the factors considered are whether the state subsidized or heavily regulated the conduct, or compelled or encouraged the particular conduct, whether the private actor was performing a function which normally is performed exclusively by the state, and whether there was a symbiotic relationship rendering the conduct joint state action.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Robbins v. Hamburger Home for Girls<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 671, 683 [38 Cal.Rptr.2d 534], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder the Court\u2019s cases, a private entity may qualify as a state actor when it exercises \u2018powers traditionally exclusively reserved to the State.\u2019 It is not enough that the federal, state, or local government exercised the function in the past, or still does. And it is not enough that the function serves the public good or the public interest in some way. Rather, to qualify as a traditional, exclusive public function within the meaning of our state-action precedents, the government must have traditionally\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">and<\/span>\u00a0exclusively performed the function.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Manhattan Cmty. Access Corp., supra<\/span>, \u2014 U.S. \u2014 [139 S.Ct. at p. 1928], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe Ninth Circuit has articulated four tests for determining whether a private person acted under color of law: (1) the public function test, (2) the joint action test, (3) the government nexus test, and (4) the government coercion or compulsion test. \u2018Satisfaction of any one test is sufficient to find state action, so long as no countervailing factor exists.\u2019 \u2018\u2009\u201c[N]o one fact can function as a necessary condition across the board for finding state action; nor is any set of circumstances absolutely sufficient, for there may be some countervailing reason against attributing activity to the government.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Julian, supra,<\/span>\u00a011 Cal.App.5th at p. 396.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBecause \u00a7\u20091983 \u2018was designed to secure private rights against government encroachment,\u2019 tribal members can use it to vindicate their \u2018individual rights,\u2019 but not the tribe\u2019s \u201ccommunal rights.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Chemehuevi Indian Tribe v. McMahon<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2019) 934 F.3d 1076, 1082, internal citations omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>8 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Constitutional Law, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009888, 892 et seq.<\/div>\n<div>2 Civil Rights Actions, Ch. 7,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Deprivation of Rights Under Color of State Law\u2014General Principles (Civil Rights Act of 1871,\u00a042 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/span>, \u00b6\u00b6\u20097.05\u20137.07, Ch. 17,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Deprivation of Rights Under Color of State Law\u2014General Principles (Civil Rights Act of 1871,\u00a042 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/span>, \u00b6\u200917.02 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>11\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 113,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Rights: The Post-Civil War Civil Rights Statutes,<\/span>\u00a0\u00a7\u2009113.14\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1\u00a0Matthew Bender Practice Guide: Federal Pretrial Civil Procedure in California, Ch. 8,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Answers and Responsive Motions Under Rule 12<\/span>, 8.40<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-r56ne-a981d4c602827c009c5edacf7f8aa880 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6b4h16-32d86ace2257c23f8c682213ffacc236\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-6b4h16-32d86ace2257c23f8c682213ffacc236 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-6b4h16-32d86ace2257c23f8c682213ffacc236 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1530","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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