{"id":1534,"date":"2021-10-25T03:52:15","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:52:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1534"},"modified":"2022-05-05T20:41:27","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T20:41:27","slug":"caci-2941-introduction-to-damages-for-personal-injury","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-2941-introduction-to-damages-for-personal-injury\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 2941 Introduction to Damages for Personal Injury"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuutr060-6a530065250d42d963f5bd67400347c8\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuutr060-6a530065250d42d963f5bd67400347c8{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuutr060-6a530065250d42d963f5bd67400347c8 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuutr060-6a530065250d42d963f5bd67400347c8 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuutr060-6a530065250d42d963f5bd67400347c8 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 2941 Introduction to Damages for Personal Injury<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuutsav2-9d38cf2fcfe944dc2409ede0f4385e0f\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kuutsav2-9d38cf2fcfe944dc2409ede0f4385e0f .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuutsav2-9d38cf2fcfe944dc2409ede0f4385e0f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">2941\u00a0Introduction to Damages for Personal Injury<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">If you decide that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has proved [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claim against [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], you also must decide how much money will reasonably compensate [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] for the harm. This compensation is called \u201cdamages.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove the amount of [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] damages. However, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] does not have to prove the exact amount of damages that will provide reasonable compensation for the harm. You must not speculate or guess in awarding damages.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The following are the specific items of damages claimed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]: <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 28px;font-weight: 600\">Directions for Use<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>See the Damages series (CACI No. 3900\u00a0et seq.) for instructions on specific items of damages and other topics involving damages, such as the concept of present cash value, mitigation of damages, and the effect of preexisting conditions. Care should be taken to verify that the wording of these instructions is consistent with federal law regarding damages under the FELA. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Federal Employers\u2019 Liability Act.\u00a045 U.S.C. section 51.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]t is settled that the propriety of jury instructions concerning the measure of damages in an FELA action is an issue of \u2018substance\u2019 determined by federal law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">St. Louis Southwestern Railway Co. v. Dickerson<\/span>\u00a0(1985) 470 U.S. 409, 411 [105 S.Ct. 1347, 84 L.Ed.2d 303], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA FELA plaintiff is entitled to recover for all past, present and probable future harm attributable to the defendant\u2019s tortious conduct, including pain and suffering and mental anguish.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Marchica v. Long Island Railroad Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2d Cir. 1994) 31 F.3d 1197, 1207.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA FELA plaintiff, upon proof of employer liability, may recover damages for loss of earnings, medical expenses and pain and suffering. The burden rests upon the plaintiff to establish by sufficient evidence a factual basis for the amount of damages sought.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Williams v. Missouri Pacific Railroad Co.<\/span>\u00a0(10th Cir. 1993) 11 F.3d 132, 135, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe Act was not intended to supersede or pre-empt the common law in railroad employee injury cases, but merely to modify it in \u2026 specific particulars. Thus, the Act contains no provisions regulating the measure of damages recoverable in an action to which the FELA applies, and courts have since held that the absence in the Act of specific provisions governing the measure of damages in FELA actions does not affect their availability as before the Act.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hall v. Minnesota Transfer Railway Co.<\/span>\u00a0(D.Minn. 1971) 322 F.Supp. 92, 94.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe seaman may thus recover for all of his pecuniary damages including such damages as the cost of employing someone else to perform those domestic services that he would otherwise have been able to render but is now incapable of doing.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cruz v. Hendy International Co.<\/span>\u00a0(5th Cir. 1981) 638 F.2d 719, 723\u00a0[Jones Act case], overruled on other grounds in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Miles v. Apex Marine Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 498 U.S. 19, 32\u201333 [111 S.Ct. 317, 112 L.Ed.2d 275].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough our decision in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jones &amp; Laughlin<\/span>\u00a0makes clear that no single method for determining present value is mandated by federal law and that the method of calculating present value should take into account inflation and other sources of wage increases as well as the rate of interest, it is equally clear that an utter failure to instruct the jury that present value is the proper measure of a damages award is error.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">St. Louis Southwestern Railway, supra,<\/span>\u00a0470 U.S. at p. 412.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cDamages for the injury of loss of earning capacity may be recovered in a FELA action. \u2018Earning capacity means the potential for earning money in the future \u2026\u2009.\u2019 The appropriate measure is the present value of the total amount of future earnings.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bissett v. Burlington Northern Railroad Co.<\/span>\u00a0(8th Cir. 1992) 969 F.2d 727, 731, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]e see no reason, and defendant has presented us with no reason, to create in FELA cases an exception to the general rule that the defendant has the burden of proving that the plaintiff could, with reasonable effort, have mitigated his damages.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jones v. Consolidated Rail Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(6th Cir. 1986) 800 F.2d 590, 594.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe federal and state courts have held with virtual unanimity over more than seven decades that prejudgment interest is not available under the FELA.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Monessen Southwestern Railway Co. v. Morgan<\/span>\u00a0(1988) 486 U.S. 330, 338 [108 S.Ct. 1837, 100 L.Ed.2d 349].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe therefore reaffirm the conclusion \u2026 that punitive damages are unavailable under the FELA.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wildman v. Burlington Northern Railroad Co.<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1987) 825 F.2d 1392, 1395, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe have held specifically that the spouse of an injured railroad employee may not sue for loss of consortium under FELA.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kelsaw v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1982) 686 F.2d 819, 820, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">45 U.S.C. section 55\u00a0provides: \u201cAny contract, rule, regulation, or device whatsoever, the purpose or intent of which shall be to enable any common carrier to exempt itself from any liability created by this [chapter], shall to that extent be void: Provided, That in any action brought against any such common carrier under or by virtue of any of the provisions of this [chapter], such common carrier may set off therein any sum it has contributed or paid to any insurance, relief benefit, or indemnity that may have been paid to the injured employee or the person entitled thereto on account of the injury or death for which said action was brought.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhile at first glance the language of this provision seems broad enough to completely abrogate the common law collateral source rule, courts have limited the scope of the provision by focusing on the requirement that the covered payments be made \u2018on account of the injury.\u2019 Thus, the cases draw a distinction between payments emanating from a fringe benefit such as a retirement fund or a general hospital and medical insurance plan, and payments which the employer has undertaken voluntarily to indemnify itself against possible liabilities under the FELA.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Clark v. Burlington Northern, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(8th Cir. 1984) 726 F.2d 448, 450, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA benefit may be exempt from setoff under the collateral source rule even though the employer is the sole source of the fund. The important consideration is the character of the benefits received, rather than whether the source is actually independent of the employer. Medical expenses paid for by insurance are exempt from setoff regardless of whether the employer paid one hundred percent of the insurance premiums. Courts have also ruled private disability retirement plans established by a collective bargaining agreement and covering both job-related and non-job-related illness and injury are exempt from setoff.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Clark, supra,<\/span>\u00a0726 F.2d at pp. 450\u2013451, footnote and internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cGenerally, a tortfeasor need not pay twice for the damage caused, but he should not be allowed to set off compensation from a \u2018collateral source\u2019 against the amount he owes on account of his tort.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Russo v. Matson Navigation Co.<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1973) 486 F.2d 1018, 1020.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt is well established in this circuit that the purpose and nature of the insurance benefits are controlling. Here, the purpose of the insurance coverage, as expressly described in the collective bargaining agreement, is to indemnify the employer against FELA liability. It follows that setoff should be allowed and that the benefits in this case should not be regarded as a collateral source.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Folkestad v. Burlington Northern, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1987) 813 F.2d 1377, 1383.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe mechanics of handling the setoff provided by the plan may be dealt with either by the Court instructing the jury that the amount of benefits provided by the GA-23000 contract must be set off against any damages awarded or by the Court as a matter of law reducing damages awarded by the jury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Brice v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(D. Md. 1987) 664 F.Supp. 220, 224.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>42\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 485,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Railroads<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009485.43,\u00a0485.44\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7x4qi6-8cae76bdd33559daf5bb361e1a4d8b24 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-in44u-4884caf853610197d7bbcb33492ca62e\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-in44u-4884caf853610197d7bbcb33492ca62e .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-in44u-4884caf853610197d7bbcb33492ca62e '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1534","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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