{"id":1539,"date":"2021-10-25T03:51:57","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:51:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1539"},"modified":"2022-05-05T20:38:28","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T20:38:28","slug":"caci-2923-borrowed-servant-dual-employee","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-2923-borrowed-servant-dual-employee\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 2923 Borrowed Servant\/Dual Employee"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuuthr20-560ab8fbe5c3f5b10b43ba3dff05702f\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuuthr20-560ab8fbe5c3f5b10b43ba3dff05702f{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuuthr20-560ab8fbe5c3f5b10b43ba3dff05702f .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuuthr20-560ab8fbe5c3f5b10b43ba3dff05702f .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuuthr20-560ab8fbe5c3f5b10b43ba3dff05702f av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 2923 Borrowed Servant\/Dual Employee<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuutk61z-ac87a37edafc81776b399b8b731a1b16\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kuutk61z-ac87a37edafc81776b399b8b731a1b16 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuutk61z-ac87a37edafc81776b399b8b731a1b16 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">2923\u00a0Borrowed Servant\/Dual Employee<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] was [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s employee at the time of the incident even though [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was primarily employed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of primary employer<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">or<\/span>]<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] was employed by both [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] and [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of primary employer<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] at the time of the incident.]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">In deciding whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff\/decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s employee, the most important factor is whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had the right to control the work of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff\/decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], rather than just the right to specify the result. It does not matter whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] exercised the right to control. Sharing information or coordinating efforts between employees of two companies, by itself, is not enough to establish the right to control.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">In addition to the right of control, you must also consider all the circumstances in deciding whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff\/decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s employee. The following factors, if true, may show that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff\/decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was the employee of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(a)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] supplied the equipment, tools, and place of work;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(b)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff\/decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was paid by the hour rather than by the job;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(c)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The work being done by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff\/decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was part of the regular business of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(d)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had the right to end its relationship with [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff\/decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(e)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The work being done by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff\/decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] only occupation or business;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(f)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The kind of work performed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff\/decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is usually done under the direction of a supervisor rather than by a specialist working without supervision;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(g)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The kind of work performed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff\/decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] does not require specialized or professional skill;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(h)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The services performed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff\/decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] were to be performed over a long period of time;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(i)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] and [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff\/decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] acted as if they had an employer-employee relationship;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(j)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff\/decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s duties to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] were only for its benefit;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(k)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff\/decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] consented to the employment with [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised June 2013 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Read the first bracketed paragraph for cases raising the borrowed-servant theory. Read the second bracketed paragraph for cases involving dual employment.<\/p>\n<p>Secondary factors (a)\u2013(k) come from the\u00a0Restatement Second of Agency, section 220. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder common-law principles, there are basically three methods by which a plaintiff can establish his \u2018employment\u2019 with a rail carrier for FELA purposes even while he is nominally employed by another. First, the employee could be serving as the borrowed servant of the railroad at the time of his injury. Second, he could be deemed to be acting for two masters simultaneously. Finally, he could be a subservant of a company that was in turn a servant of the railroad.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kelley v. Southern Pacific Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1974) 419 U.S. 318, 324 [95 S.Ct. 472, 42 L.Ed.2d 498], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhen the nominal employer furnishes a third party with \u2018\u2009\u201cmen to do the work and places them under his exclusive control in the performance of it, [then] those men become\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">pro hac vice<\/span>\u00a0the servants of him to whom they are furnished,\u201d\u2009\u2019 under the loaned servant doctrine.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Collins v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 867, 879 [143 Cal.Rptr.3d 849], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAn employee may at the same time be under a general and a special employer, and where, either by the terms of a contract or during the course of its performance, the employee of an independent contractor comes under the control and direction of the other party to the contract, a dual employment relation is held to exist.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Collins, supra<\/span>, 207 Cal.App.4th at p. 877.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] finding of agency is not tantamount to a finding of a master-servant relationship.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kelley, supra<\/span>, 419 U.S. at p. 325.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn this case \u2026 the evidence of contacts between Southern Pacific employees and PMT employees may indicate, not direction or control, but rather the passing of information and the accommodation that is obviously required in a large and necessarily coordinated operation. The informal contacts between the two groups must assume a supervisory character before the PMT employees can be deemed\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">pro hac vice<\/span>\u00a0employees of the railroad.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kelley, supra,<\/span>\u00a0419 U.S. at p. 330.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe determination of whether a worker is a borrowed servant is accomplished by ascertaining who has the power to control and direct the servants in the performance of their work, distinguishing between authoritative direction and control, and mere suggestion as to details or the necessary cooperation, where the work furnished is part of a larger undertaking. There is thus a distinction between \u2018authoritative direction and control\u2019 by a railroad, and the \u2018minimum cooperation necessary to carry out a coordinated undertaking\u2019 which does not amount to control or supervision. The control need not be exercised; it is sufficient if the right to direct the details of the work is present. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Collins, supra<\/span>, 207 Cal.App.4th at p. 879.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe special employment relationship and its consequent imposition of liability upon the special employer flows from the borrower\u2019s power to supervise the details of the employee\u2019s work. Mere instruction by the borrower on the result to be achieved will not suffice.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Marsh v. Tilley Steel Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1980) 26 Cal.3d 486, 492 [162 Cal.Rptr. 320, 606 P.2d 355]\u00a0[not a FELA case].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe question of whether a special employment relationship exists is generally a question of fact reserved for the jury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Collins, supra<\/span>, 207 Cal.App.4th at p. 878.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Contract terms are not conclusive evidence of the existence of the right to control. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kowalski v. Shell Oil Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1979) 23 Cal.3d 168, 176 [151 Cal.Rptr. 671, 588 P.2d 811]\u00a0[not a FELA case].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Restatement Second of Agency, section 220\u00a0provides:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(1)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">A servant is a person employed to perform services in the affairs of another and who with respect to the physical conduct in the performance of the services is subject to the other\u2019s control or right to control.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(2)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">In determining whether one acting for another is a servant or an independent contractor, the following matters of fact, among others, are considered:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(a)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">the extent of control which, by the agreement, the master may exercise over the details of the work;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(b)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">whether or not the one employed is engaged in a distinct occupation or business;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(c)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">the kind of occupation, with reference to whether, in the locality, the work is usually done under the direction of the employer or by a specialist without supervision;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(d)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">the skill required in the particular occupation;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(e)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">whether the employer or the workman supplies the instrumentalities, tools, and the place of work for the person doing the work;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(f)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">the length of time for which the person is employed;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(g)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">the method of payment, whether by the time or by the job;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(h)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">whether or not the work is a part of the regular business of the employer;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(i)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">whether or not the parties believe they are creating the relation of master and servant; and<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(j)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">whether the principal is or is not in business.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSection 220 (1) of the Restatement\u00a0defines a servant as \u2018a person employed to perform services in the affairs of another and who with respect to the physical conduct in the performance of the services is subject to the other\u2019s control or right to control.\u2019 In \u00a7\u2009220 (2), the Restatement recites various factors that are helpful in applying that definition. While that section is directed primarily at determining whether a particular bilateral arrangement is properly characterized as a master-servant or independent contractor relationship, it can also be instructive in analyzing the three-party relationship between two employers and a worker.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kelley, supra<\/span>, 419 U.S. at p. 324.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Following common law tradition, California decisions \u2026 uniformly declare that \u201c[t]he principal test of an employment relationship is whether the person to whom service is rendered has the right to control the manner and means of accomplishing the result desired.\u2009\u2026\u201d [Citations.] [\u00b6] However, the courts have long recognized that the \u201ccontrol\u201d test, applied rigidly and in isolation, is often of little use in evaluating the infinite variety of service arrangements. While conceding that the right to control work details is the \u201cmost important\u201d or \u201cmost significant\u201d consideration, the authorities also endorse several \u201csecondary\u201d indicia of the nature of a service relationship.\u2019 Those \u2018secondary indicia\u2019 \u2018have been derived principally from the Restatement Second of Agency.\u2019 They generally \u2018\u2009\u201ccannot be applied mechanically as separate tests; they are intertwined and their weight depends often on particular combinations.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bowman v. Wyatt<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 286, 301 [111 Cal.Rptr.3d 787]\u00a0[not a FELA case], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn 2006 the Restatement (Second) of Agency was superseded by the Restatement (Third) of Agency, which uses \u2018employer\u2019 and \u2018employee\u2019 rather than \u2018master\u2019 and \u2018servant,\u2019\u00a0Restatement (Third) of Agency, \u00a7\u20092.04, comment a, and defines an employee simply as a type of agent subject to a principal\u2019s control.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Id.<\/span>, \u00a7\u20097.07(3)(a).\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Schmidt v. Burlington Northern &amp; Santa Fe Ry.<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2010) 605 F.3d 686, 690 fn. 3.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>3 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Agency and Employment, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009179\u2013182<\/div>\n<div>2\u00a0Wilcox, California Employment Law, Ch. 30,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Employers\u2019 Tort Liability to Third Parties for Conduct of Employees<\/span>, \u00a7\u200930.04\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>21\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 248,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Employer\u2019s Liability for Employee\u2019s Torts<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009248.15\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>42\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 485,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Railroads<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009485.33\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-85pt1v-898d4b5f0e0fb3295c2034f88639a354 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6d79xv-7464b85f8931c14d8a387593a3f530b8\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-6d79xv-7464b85f8931c14d8a387593a3f530b8 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-6d79xv-7464b85f8931c14d8a387593a3f530b8 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1539","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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