{"id":1559,"date":"2021-10-25T03:52:15","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:52:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1559"},"modified":"2022-05-05T20:49:11","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T20:49:11","slug":"caci-3005-supervisor-liability-for-acts-of-subordinates-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3005-supervisor-liability-for-acts-of-subordinates-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3005 Supervisor Liability for Acts of Subordinates (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv34fi4-76f05bbf2be77fa926014f21c7dce755\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuv34fi4-76f05bbf2be77fa926014f21c7dce755{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuv34fi4-76f05bbf2be77fa926014f21c7dce755 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuv34fi4-76f05bbf2be77fa926014f21c7dce755 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuv34fi4-76f05bbf2be77fa926014f21c7dce755 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3005 Supervisor Liability for Acts of Subordinates (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv35wcw-88d6590394bc1868bd3bbb134243e44a\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kuv35wcw-88d6590394bc1868bd3bbb134243e44a .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuv35wcw-88d6590394bc1868bd3bbb134243e44a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3005\u00a0Supervisor Liability for Acts of Subordinates (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of supervisor defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is personally liable for [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] harm. In order to establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of supervisor defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knew, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence should have known, of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of subordinate employee defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s wrongful conduct;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of supervisor defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knew that the wrongful conduct created a substantial risk of harm to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of supervisor defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] disregarded that risk by [expressly approving\/impliedly approving\/ [or] failing to take adequate action to prevent] the wrongful conduct; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of supervisor defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New April 2007; Renumbered from CACI No. 3013 December 2010; Revised December 2011; Renumbered from CACI No. 3017 December 2012; Revised June 2013 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Read this instruction in cases in which a supervisor is alleged to be personally liable for the violation of the plaintiff\u2019s civil rights under Title\u00a042 United States Code section 1983.<\/p>\n<p>For certain constitutional violations, deliberate indifference based on knowledge and acquiescence is insufficient to establish the supervisor\u2019s liability. The supervisor must act with the purpose necessary to establish the underlying violation. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ashcroft v. Iqbal<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 556 U.S. 662, 676\u2013677 [129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868]\u00a0[for claim of invidious discrimination in violation of the\u00a0First\u00a0and\u00a0Fifth Amendments, plaintiff must plead and prove that defendant acted with discriminatory purpose].) In such a case, element 3 requires not only express approval, but also discriminatory purpose. The United States Supreme Court has found constitutional torts to require specific intent in three situations: (1) due process claims for injuries caused by a high-speed chase (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">County of Sacramento v. Lewis<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 523 U.S. 833, 836 [118 S.Ct. 1708, 140 L.Ed.2d 1043].); (2)\u00a0Eighth Amendment\u00a0claims for injuries suffered during the response to a prison disturbance (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Whitley v. Albers<\/span>\u00a0(1986) 475 U.S. 312, 320\u2013321 [106 S.Ct. 1078, 89 L.Ed.2d 251].); and (3) invidious discrimination under the\u00a0equal protection clause\u00a0and the\u00a0First Amendment free exercise clause. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ashcroft v. Iqbal<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 556 U.S. at pp. 676\u2013677.)<\/p>\n<p>The Ninth Circuit has held that deliberate indifference based on knowledge and acquiescence is still sufficient to support supervisor liability if the underlying constitutional violation does not require purposeful discrimination. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">OSU Student Alliance v. Ray<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2012) 699 F.3d 1053, 1070\u20131075\u00a0[knowing acquiescence is sufficient to establish supervisor liability for free-speech violations because intent to discriminate is not required]; see also\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Starr v. Baca<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2011) 652 F.3d 1202, 1207\u00a0[same for\u00a08th Amendment\u00a0violation for cruel and unusual punishment].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA \u2018supervisory official may be held liable in certain circumstances for the constitutional injuries inflicted by their subordinates.\u2009\u2026 [T]hat liability is not premised upon\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">respondeat superior<\/span>\u00a0but upon \u201ca recognition that supervisory indifference or tacit authorization of subordinates\u2019 misconduct may be a causative factor in the constitutional injuries they inflict.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Weaver v. State of California<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 188, 209 [73 Cal.Rptr.2d 571], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]hen a supervisor is found liable based on deliberate indifference, the supervisor is being held liable for his or her own culpable action or inaction, not held vicariously liable for the culpable action or inaction of his or her subordinates.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Starr<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 652 F.3d at p. 1207.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo establish supervisory liability under section 1983, [plaintiff] was required to prove: (1) the supervisor had actual or constructive knowledge of [defendant\u2019s] wrongful conduct; (2) the supervisor\u2019s response \u2018\u201c\u2009was so inadequate as to show \u2018deliberate indifference to or tacit authorization of the alleged offensive practices\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019; and (3) the existence of an \u2018affirmative causal link\u2019 between the supervisor\u2019s inaction and [plaintiff\u2019s] injuries.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Grassilli v. Barr<\/span>\u00a0(2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 1260, 1279\u20131280 [48 Cal.Rptr.3d 715], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA supervisor is liable under \u00a7\u20091983 for a subordinate\u2019s constitutional violations \u2018if the supervisor participated in or directed the violations, or knew of the violations and failed to act to prevent them.\u2019 [Defendants] testified that they were mere observers who stayed at the end of the [plaintiffs\u2019] driveway. But based on the [plaintiffs\u2019] version of the facts, which we must accept as true in this appeal, we draw the inference that [defendants] tacitly endorsed the other Sheriff\u2019s officers\u2019 actions by failing to intervene.\u2009\u2026 On this appeal we do not weigh the evidence to determine whether [defendants\u2019] stated reasons for not intervening are plausible.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Maxwell v. County of San Diego<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2013) 708 F.3d 1075, 1086, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA supervisory official is liable under \u00a7\u20091983 so long as \u2018there exists either (1) his or her personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation, or (2) a sufficient causal connection between the supervisor\u2019s wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.\u2019 \u2018The requisite causal connection can be established \u2026 by setting in motion a series of acts by others or by knowingly refus[ing] to terminate a series of acts by others, which [the supervisor] knew or reasonably should have known would cause others to inflict a constitutional injury.\u2019 Thus, a supervisor may \u2018be liable in his individual capacity for his own culpable action or inaction in the training, supervision, or control of his subordinates; for his acquiescence in the constitutional deprivation; or for conduct that showed a reckless or callous indifference to the rights of others.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rodriguez v. County of L.A.<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2018) 891 F.3d 776, 798, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he claim that a supervisory official knew of unconstitutional conditions and \u2018culpable actions of his subordinates\u2019 but failed to act amounts to \u2018acquiescence in the unconstitutional conduct of his subordinates\u2019 and is \u2018sufficient to state a claim of supervisory liability.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Keates v. Koile<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2018) 883 F.3d 1228, 1243.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[A] plaintiff must show the supervisor breached a duty to plaintiff which was the proximate cause of the injury. The law clearly allows actions against supervisors under section 1983 as long as a sufficient causal connection is present and the plaintiff was deprived under color of law of a federally secured right.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Starr, supra,<\/span>\u00a0652 F.3d at p. 1207, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cRespondent \u2026 argues that, under a theory of \u2018supervisory liability,\u2019 petitioners can be liable for \u2018knowledge and acquiescence in their subordinates\u2019 use of discriminatory criteria to make classification decisions among detainees.\u2019 That is to say, respondent believes a supervisor\u2019s mere knowledge of his subordinate\u2019s discriminatory purpose amounts to the supervisor\u2019s violating the Constitution. We reject this argument. Respondent\u2019s conception of \u2018supervisory liability\u2019 is inconsistent with his accurate stipulation that petitioners may not be held accountable for the misdeeds of their agents. In a \u00a7\u20091983 suit or a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bivens<\/span>\u00a0action\u2014where masters do not answer for the torts of their servants\u2014the term \u2018supervisory liability\u2019 is a misnomer. Absent vicarious liability, each Government official, his or her title notwithstanding, is only liable for his or her own misconduct. In the context of determining whether there is a violation of a clearly established right to overcome qualified immunity, purpose rather than knowledge is required to impose\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bivens<\/span>\u00a0liability on the subordinate for unconstitutional discrimination; the same holds true for an official charged with violations arising from his or her superintendent responsibilities.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ashcroft v. Iqbal<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 556 U.S. at p. 677, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe factors necessary to establish a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bivens<\/span>\u00a0violation will vary with the constitutional provision at issue. Where the claim is invidious discrimination in contravention of the\u00a0First\u00a0and\u00a0Fifth Amendments, our decisions make clear that the plaintiff must plead and prove that the defendant acted with discriminatory purpose. Under extant precedent purposeful discrimination requires more than \u2018intent as volition or intent as awareness of consequences.\u2019 It instead involves a decisionmaker\u2019s undertaking a course of action \u201cbecause of,\u201d not merely \u201cin spite of,\u201d [the action\u2019s] adverse effects upon an identifiable group.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ashcroft v. Iqbal, supra<\/span>, 556 U.S. at pp. 676\u2013677, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Iqbal<\/span>\u00a0\u2026 holds that a plaintiff does not state invidious racial discrimination claims against supervisory defendants by pleading that the supervisors knowingly acquiesced in discrimination perpetrated by subordinates, but this holding was based on the elements of invidious discrimination in particular, not on some blanket requirement that applies equally to all constitutional tort claims.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Iqbal<\/span>\u00a0makes crystal clear that constitutional tort claims against supervisory defendants turn on the requirements of the particular claim\u2014and, more specifically, on the state of mind required by the particular claim\u2014not on a generally applicable concept of supervisory liability. \u2018The factors necessary to establish a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bivens<\/span>\u00a0violation will vary with the constitutional provision at issue.\u2019 Allegations that the [defendants] knowingly acquiesced in their subordinates\u2019 discrimination did not suffice to state invidious racial discrimination claims against them, because such claims require specific intent\u2014something that knowing acquiescence does not establish. On the other hand, because\u00a0Eighth Amendment\u00a0claims for cruel and unusual punishment generally require only deliberate indifference (not specific intent), a Sheriff is liable for prisoner abuse perpetrated by his subordinates if he knowingly turns a blind eye to the abuse. The Sheriff need not act with the purpose that the prisoner be abused. Put simply, constitutional tort liability after\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Iqbal<\/span>\u00a0depends primarily on the requisite mental state for the violation alleged.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">OSU Student Alliance, supra<\/span>, 699 F.3d at p. 1071, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[S]upervisory liability exists even without overt personal participation in the offensive act if supervisory officials implement a policy so deficient that the policy \u201citself is a repudiation of constitutional rights\u201d and is the \u201cmoving force of a constitutional violation.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Crowley v. Bannister<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2013) 734 F.3d 967, 977.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhen a supervisory official advances or manages a policy that instructs its adherents to violate constitutional rights, then the official specifically intends for such violations to occur. Claims against such supervisory officials, therefore, do not fail on the state of mind requirement, be it intent, knowledge, or deliberate indifference.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Iqbal<\/span>\u00a0itself supports this holding. There, the Court rejected the invidious discrimination claims against [supervisory defendants] because the complaint failed to show that those defendants advanced a policy of purposeful discrimination (as opposed to a policy geared simply toward detaining individuals with a \u2018suspected link to the [terrorist] attacks\u2019), not because it found that the complaint had to allege that the supervisors intended to discriminate against [plaintiff] in particular. Advancing a policy that requires subordinates to commit constitutional violations is always enough for \u00a7\u20091983 liability, no matter what the required mental state, so long as the policy proximately causes the harm\u2014that is, so long as the plaintiff\u2019s constitutional injury in fact occurs pursuant to the policy.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">OSU Student Alliance, supra<\/span>, 699 F.3d at p. 1076.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u2009413<\/div>\n<div>8 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Constitutional Law, \u00a7\u20098<\/div>\n<div>2 Civil Rights Actions, Ch. 7,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Deprivation of Rights Under Color of State Law<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">\u2014General Principles<\/span>, \u00b6\u20097.10 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>11\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 113,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Rights: The Post-Civil War Civil Rights Statutes<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009113.14\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>11\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 115,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Rights: Employment Discrimination<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009115.20[4][a]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-81e77r-7a9d9c8d59dd061d11faf00a7dd424fc hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6e07mf-ff2f6cad8c9ffe7907f17064fe27ad50\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-6e07mf-ff2f6cad8c9ffe7907f17064fe27ad50 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-6e07mf-ff2f6cad8c9ffe7907f17064fe27ad50 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1559","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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