{"id":1561,"date":"2021-10-25T03:52:15","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:52:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1561"},"modified":"2022-05-05T20:45:56","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T20:45:56","slug":"caci-3002-official-policy-or-custom-explained-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3002-official-policy-or-custom-explained-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3002 \u201cOfficial Policy or Custom\u201d Explained (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv2z09s-2c9c413777fe7bdafdeed8a56fe30981\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuv2z09s-2c9c413777fe7bdafdeed8a56fe30981{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuv2z09s-2c9c413777fe7bdafdeed8a56fe30981 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuv2z09s-2c9c413777fe7bdafdeed8a56fe30981 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuv2z09s-2c9c413777fe7bdafdeed8a56fe30981 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3002 <span class='special_amp'>\u201c<\/span>Official Policy or Custom<span class='special_amp'>\u201d<\/span> Explained (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span 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itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv30r3i-9b99523e35515f90ccc0d1ac6d81a05a\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kuv30r3i-9b99523e35515f90ccc0d1ac6d81a05a .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuv30r3i-9b99523e35515f90ccc0d1ac6d81a05a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3002\u00a0\u201cOfficial Policy or Custom\u201d Explained (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\u201cOfficial [policy\/custom]\u201d means: [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert one of the following:<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2002<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[A rule or regulation approved by the [city\/county]\u2019s legislative body;] [or]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2002<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[A policy statement or decision that is officially made by the [city\/county]\u2019s lawmaking officer or policymaking official;] [or]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2002<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[A custom that is a permanent, widespread, or well-settled practice of the [city\/county];] [or]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2002<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[An act or omission approved by the [city\/county]\u2019s lawmaking officer or policymaking official.] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised June 2012; Renumbered from CACI No. 3008 December 2012 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>These definitions are selected examples of official policy drawn from the cited cases. The instruction may need to be adapted to the facts of a particular case. The court may need to instruct the jury regarding the legal definition of \u201cpolicymakers.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In some cases, it may be necessary to include additional provisions addressing factors that may indicate an official custom in the absence of a formal policy. The Ninth Circuit has held that in some cases the plaintiff is entitled to have the jury instructed that evidence of governmental inaction\u2014specifically, failure to investigate and discipline employees in the face of widespread constitutional violations\u2014can support an inference that an unconstitutional custom or practice has been unofficially adopted. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hunter v. County of Sacramento<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2011) 652 F.3d 1225, 1234, fn. 8.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe [entity] may not be held liable for acts of [employees] unless \u2018the action that is alleged to be unconstitutional implements or executes a policy statement, ordinance, regulation, or decision officially adopted and promulgated by that body\u2019s officers\u2019 or if the constitutional deprivation was \u2018visited pursuant to governmental \u201ccustom\u201d even though such a custom has not received formal approval through the body\u2019s official decisionmaking channels.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Redman v. County of San Diego<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1991) 942 F.2d 1435, 1443\u20131444, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A]n act performed pursuant to a \u2018custom\u2019 that has not been formally approved by an appropriate decisionmaker may fairly subject a municipality to liability on the theory that the relevant practice is so widespread as to have the force of law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bd. of the County Comm\u2019rs v. Brown<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 520 U.S. 397, 404 [117 S.Ct. 1382, 137 L.Ed.2d 626].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe custom or policy must be a \u2018deliberate choice to follow a course of action \u2026 made from among various alternatives by the official or officials responsible for establishing final policy with respect to the subject matter in question.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009(<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Castro v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2016) 833 F.3d 1060, 1075\u00a0(en banc).)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhile a rule or regulation promulgated, adopted, or ratified by a local governmental entity\u2019s legislative body unquestionably satisfies\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Monell\u2019s<\/span>\u00a0policy requirement, a \u2018policy\u2019 within the meaning of \u00a7\u20091983 is not limited to official legislative action. Indeed, a decision properly made by a local governmental entity\u2019s authorized decisionmaker\u2014i.e., an official who \u2018possesses final authority to establish [local government] policy with respect to the [challenged] action\u2019\u2014may constitute official policy. \u2018Authority to make municipal policy may be granted directly by legislative enactment or may be delegated by an official who possesses such authority, and of course whether an official had final policymaking authority is a question of state law.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Thompson v. City of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1989) 885 F.2d 1439, 1443, internal citations and footnote omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] plaintiff can show a custom or practice of violating a written policy; otherwise an entity, no matter how flagrant its actual routine practices, always could avoid liability by pointing to a pristine set of policies.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Castro, supra,<\/span>\u00a0833 F.3d at p. 1075 fn. 10.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAppellants need not show evidence of a policy or deficient training; evidence of an informal practice or custom will suffice.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nehad v. Browder<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2019) 929 F.3d 1125, 1141.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAs with other questions of state law relevant to the application of federal law, the identification of those officials whose decisions represent the official policy of the local governmental unit is itself a legal question to be resolved by the trial judge\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">before<\/span>\u00a0the case is submitted to the jury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jett v. Dallas Independent School Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(1989) 491 U.S. 701, 737 [109 S.Ct. 2702, 105 L.Ed.2d 598].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]t is settled that whether an official is a policymaker for a county is dependent on an analysis of state law, not fact.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pitts v. County of Kern<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 17 Cal.4th 340, 352 [70 Cal.Rptr.2d 823, 949 P.2d 920], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cOnce those officials who have the power to make official policy on a particular issue have been identified, it is for the jury to determine whether\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">their<\/span>\u00a0decisions have caused the deprivation of rights at issue by policies which affirmatively command that it occur, or by acquiescence in a longstanding practice or custom which constitutes the \u2018standard operating procedure\u2019 of the local governmental entity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jett, supra<\/span>, 491 U.S. at p. 737, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gibson v. County of Washoe<\/span>\u00a0[(9th Cir. 2002) 290 F.3d 1175, 1186]\u00a0discussed two types of policies: those that result in the municipality itself violating someone\u2019s constitutional rights or instructing its employees to do so, and those that result, through omission, in municipal responsibility \u2018for a constitutional violation committed by one of its employees, even though the municipality\u2019s policies were facially constitutional, the municipality did not direct the employee to take the unconstitutional action, and the municipality did not have the state of mind required to prove the underlying violation.\u2019 We have referred to these two types of policies as policies of action and inaction.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2012) 698 F.3d 1128, 1143, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA policy of inaction or omission may be based on failure to implement procedural safeguards to prevent constitutional violations. To establish that there is a policy based on a failure to preserve constitutional rights, a plaintiff must show, in addition to a constitutional violation, \u2018that this policy \u201camounts to deliberate indifference\u201d to the plaintiff\u2019s constitutional right[,]\u2019 and that the policy caused the violation, \u2018in the sense that the [municipality] could have prevented the violation with an appropriate policy.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tsao, supra<\/span>, 698 F.3d at p. 1143, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo show deliberate indifference, [plaintiff] must demonstrate \u2018that [defendant] was on actual or constructive notice that its omission would likely result in a constitutional violation.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tsao, supra<\/span>, 698 F.3d at p. 1145.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[P]laintiff may prove \u2026 deliberate indifference, through evidence of a \u2018failure to investigate and discipline employees in the face of widespread constitutional violations.\u2019 Thus, it is sufficient under our case law to prove a \u2018custom\u2019 of encouraging excessive force to provide evidence that personnel have been permitted to use force with impunity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rodriguez v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2018) 891 F.3d 776, 803, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cDiscussing liability of a municipality under the federal Civil Rights Act based on \u2018custom,\u2019 the California Court of Appeal for the Fifth Appellate District recently noted, \u2018If the plaintiff seeks to show he was injured by governmental \u201ccustom,\u201d he must show that the governmental entity\u2019s \u201ccustom\u201d was \u201cmade by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bach v. County of Butte<\/span>\u00a0(1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 554, 569, fn. 11 [195 Cal.Rptr. 268], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe federal courts have recognized that local elected officials and appointed department heads can make official policy or create official custom sufficient to impose liability under section 1983 on their governmental employers.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bach, supra<\/span>, 147 Cal.App.3d at p. 570, internal citations omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>8 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Constitutional Law, \u00a7\u2009890 et seq.<\/div>\n<div>11\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 113,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Rights: The Post-Civil War Civil Rights Statutes<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009113.14\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1\u00a0Matthew Bender Practice Guide: Federal Pretrial Civil Procedure in California, Ch. 8,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Answers and Responsive Motions Under Rule<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">\u00a012<\/span>,\u00a08.40<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7m52p5-48a0f82415dba6b0edcfcabd92b0608b hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-22eo9-70485e6a875bf6130347e817e6ad0ca7\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-22eo9-70485e6a875bf6130347e817e6ad0ca7 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-22eo9-70485e6a875bf6130347e817e6ad0ca7 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1561","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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