{"id":1574,"date":"2021-10-25T03:52:38","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:52:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1574"},"modified":"2022-05-10T15:31:16","modified_gmt":"2022-05-10T15:31:16","slug":"caci-3052-use-of-fabricated-evidence-essential-factual-elements-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3052-use-of-fabricated-evidence-essential-factual-elements-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3052 Use of Fabricated Evidence\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv52bth-047c4c28a21411f36f2ef254039570fe\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuv52bth-047c4c28a21411f36f2ef254039570fe{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuv52bth-047c4c28a21411f36f2ef254039570fe .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuv52bth-047c4c28a21411f36f2ef254039570fe .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuv52bth-047c4c28a21411f36f2ef254039570fe av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3052 Use of Fabricated Evidence\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv53nsc-f940b9f259289d5f902410469972fadc\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kuv53nsc-f940b9f259289d5f902410469972fadc .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuv53nsc-f940b9f259289d5f902410469972fadc '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3052\u00a0Use of Fabricated Evidence\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] deliberately fabricated evidence against [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], and that as a result of this evidence being used against [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was deprived of [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify right, privilege, or immunity secured by the Constitution, e.g., liberty<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] without due process of law. In order to establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify fabricated evidence, e.g., informed the district attorney that plaintiff\u2019s DNA was found at the scene of the crime<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That this [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., statement<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was not true;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knew that the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., statement<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was not true; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That because of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was deprived of [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., liberty<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">To decide whether there was a deprivation of rights because of the fabrication, you must determine what would have happened if the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., statement<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had not been used against [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[Deprivation of liberty does not require that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] have been put in jail. Nor is it necessary that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] prove that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was wrongly convicted of a crime.] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New May 2017 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction is for use if the plaintiff claims to have been deprived of a constitutional or legal right based on false evidence. Give also\u00a0CACI No. 3000,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Violation of Federal Civil Rights\u2014In General\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>What would have happened had the fabricated evidence not been presented (i.e., causation) is a question of fact. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kerkeles v. City of San Jose<\/span>\u00a0(2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 1001, 1013 [132 Cal.Rptr.3d 143].)<\/p>\n<p>Give the last optional paragraph if the alleged fabrication occurred in a criminal case. It would appear that the use of fabricated evidence for prosecution may be a constitutional violation even if the arrest was lawful or objectively reasonable. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kerkeles, supra<\/span>, 199 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1010\u20131012, quoting favorably\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ricciuti v. New York City Transit Authority<\/span>\u00a0(2d Cir. 1997) 124 F.3d 123, 130.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSubstantive due process protects individuals from arbitrary deprivation of their liberty by government.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Costanich v. Dep\u2019t of Soc. &amp; Health Servs.<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2010) 627 F.3d 1101, 1110.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]here is a clearly established constitutional due process right not to be subjected to criminal charges on the basis of false evidence that was deliberately fabricated by the government.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Devereaux v. Abbey<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2001) 263 F.3d 1070, 1074\u20131075.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn order to prevail on a judicial deception claim, a plaintiff must prove that \u2018(1) the defendant official deliberately fabricated evidence and (2) the deliberate fabrication caused the plaintiff\u2019s deprivation of liberty.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Keates v. Koile<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2018) 883 F.3d 1228, 1240.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo establish causation, [plaintiff] must raise a triable issue that the fabricated evidence was the cause in fact and proximate cause of his injury. Like in any proximate cause analysis, an intervening event may break the chain of causation between the allegedly wrongful act and the plaintiff\u2019s injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Caldwell v. City &amp; County of San Francisco<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2018) 889 F.3d 1105, 1115, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA plaintiff can prove deliberate fabrication in several ways. Most basically, a plaintiff can produce direct evidence of deliberate fabrication. Alternatively, a plaintiff can produce circumstantial evidence related to a defendant\u2019s motive.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Caldwell, supra,<\/span>\u00a0889 F.3d at p. 1112, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018No arrest, no matter how lawful or objectively reasonable, gives an arresting officer or his fellow officers license to deliberately manufacture false evidence against an arrestee. To hold that police officers, having lawfully arrested a suspect, are then free to fabricate false confessions at will, would make a mockery of the notion that Americans enjoy the protection of due process of the law and fundamental justice. Like a prosecutor\u2019s knowing use of false evidence to obtain a tainted conviction, a police officer\u2019s fabrication and forwarding to prosecutors of known false evidence works an unacceptable \u201ccorruption of the truth-seeking function of the trial process.\u201d [Citations.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ricciuti, supra<\/span>, 124 F.3d at p. 130.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cEven if there was probable cause to arrest plaintiff, we cannot say as a matter of law on the record before us that he would have been subjected to continued prosecution and an unfavorable preliminary hearing without the use of the false lab report and testimony derived from it. These are questions of fact which defendants appear to concede are material to the issue of causation, and which cannot be determined without weighing the evidence presented and conclusions reached at the preliminary hearing. Defendants\u2019 statement of undisputed facts does not establish lack of causation as a matter of law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kerkeles, supra<\/span>, 199 Cal.App.4th at p. 1013.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThere is no authority for defendants\u2019 argument that a due process claim cannot be established unless the false evidence is used to\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">convict<\/span>\u00a0the plaintiff.\u2009\u2026 [T]he right to be free from criminal\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">charges<\/span>, not necessarily the right to be free from conviction, is a clearly established constitutional right supporting a section 1983 claim.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kerkeles, supra<\/span>, 199 Cal.App.4th at p. 1010.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThere is no sound reason to impose a narrow restriction on a plaintiff\u2019s case by requiring incarceration as a sine qua non of a deprivation of a liberty interest.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kerkeles, supra<\/span>, 199 Cal.App.4th at p. 1011.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]here is no such thing as a minor amount of actionable perjury or of false evidence that is somehow permissible. Why? Because government perjury and the knowing use of false evidence are absolutely and obviously irreconcilable with the\u00a0Fourteenth Amendment\u2019s\u00a0guarantee of Due Process in our courts. Furthermore, the social workers\u2019 alleged transgressions were not made under pressing circumstances requiring prompt action, or those providing ambiguous or conflicting guidance. There are no circumstances in a dependency proceeding that would permit government officials to bear false witness against a parent.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hardwick v. County of Orange<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2017) 844 F.3d 1112, 1119.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]o the extent that [plaintiff] has raised a deliberate-fabrication-of-evidence claim, he has not adduced or pointed to any evidence in the record that supports it. For purposes of our analysis, we assume that, in order to support such a claim, [plaintiff] must, at a minimum, point to evidence that supports at least one of the following two propositions: (1) Defendants continued their investigation of [plaintiff] despite the fact that they knew or should have known that he was innocent; or (2) Defendants used investigative techniques that were so coercive and abusive that they knew or should have known that those techniques would yield false information.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Devereaux, supra<\/span>, 263 F.3d at p. 1076.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he Constitution prohibits the deliberate fabrication of evidence whether or not the officer knows that the person is innocent. The district court erred by granting judgment as a matter of law to Defendants because, in this case involving direct evidence of fabrication, Plaintiff was not required to show that [defendant] actually or constructively knew that he was innocent.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Spencer v. Peters<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2017) 857 F.3d 789, 800, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Devereaux<\/span>\u00a0test envisions an investigator whose unlawful motivation is illustrated by her state of mind regarding the alleged perpetrator\u2019s innocence, or one who surreptitiously fabricates evidence by using coercive investigative methods. These are circumstantial methods of proving deliberate falsification. Here, [plaintiff] argues that the record directly reflects [defendant]\u2019s false statements. If, under\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Devereaux<\/span>, an interviewer who uses coercive interviewing techniques that are known to yield false evidence commits a constitutional violation, then an interviewer who deliberately mischaracterizes witness statements in her investigative report also commits a constitutional violation. Similarly, an investigator who purposefully reports that she has interviewed witnesses, when she has actually only attempted to make contact with them, deliberately fabricates evidence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Costanich, supra<\/span>, 627 F.3d at p. 1111.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[N]ot all inaccuracies in an investigative report give rise to a constitutional claim. Mere \u2018careless[ness]\u2019 is insufficient, as are mistakes of \u2018tone.\u2019 Errors concerning trivial matters cannot establish causation, a necessary element of any \u00a7\u20091983 claim. And fabricated evidence does not give rise to a claim if the plaintiff cannot \u2018show the fabrication actually injured her in some way.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Spencer, supra,<\/span>\u00a0857 F.3d at p. 798, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn light of long-standing criminal prohibitions on making deliberately false statements under oath, no social worker could reasonably believe that she was acting lawfully in making deliberately false statements to the juvenile court in connection with the removal of a dependent child from a caregiver.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Marshall v. County of San Diego<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 1095, 1113 [190 Cal.Rptr.3d 97], footnotes omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[P]retrial detention can violate the\u00a0Fourth Amendment\u00a0not only when it precedes, but also when it follows, the start of legal process in a criminal case. The\u00a0Fourth Amendment\u00a0prohibits government officials from detaining a person in the absence of probable cause. That can happen when the police hold someone without any reason before the formal onset of a criminal proceeding. But it also can occur when legal process itself goes wrong\u2014when, for example, a judge\u2019s probable-cause determination is predicated solely on a police officer\u2019s false statements. Then, too, a person is confined without constitutionally adequate justification.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Manuel v. City of Joliet<\/span>\u00a0(2017) \u2014 U.S. \u2014 [137 S.Ct. 911, 918, 197 L.Ed.2d 312], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cDeliberately fabricated evidence in a prosecutor\u2019s file can rebut any presumption of prosecutorial independence [i.e., that filing of a criminal complaint immunizes investigating officers because it is presumed that the prosecutor filing the complaint exercised independent judgment in determining that probable cause for an accused\u2019s arrest exists at that time].\u2009\u2026 In sum, if a plaintiff establishes that officers either presented false evidence to or withheld crucial information from the prosecutor, the plaintiff overcomes the presumption of prosecutorial independence and the analysis reverts back to a normal causation question.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Caldwell, supra,<\/span>\u00a0889 F.3d at p. 1116, internal citation omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>8 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Constitutional Law, \u00a7\u2009901 et seq.<\/div>\n<div>3 Civil Rights Actions, Ch. 10,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Deprivation of Rights Under Color of State Law\u2014Law Enforcement and Prosecution<\/span>, \u00b6\u200910.05 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>11\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 113,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Rights: The Post-Civil War Civil Rights Statutes<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009113.14\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7qg1eu-bd566a28eed7aefc10de5e906c7982f9 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5d9c6e-c1a1f2f625f4cdc5902152b63addc4b9\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-5d9c6e-c1a1f2f625f4cdc5902152b63addc4b9 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-5d9c6e-c1a1f2f625f4cdc5902152b63addc4b9 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1574","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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