{"id":1575,"date":"2021-10-25T03:52:38","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:52:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1575"},"modified":"2022-05-07T15:12:53","modified_gmt":"2022-05-07T15:12:53","slug":"caci-3051-unlawful-removal-of-child-from-parental-custody-without-a-warrant-essential-factual-elements-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3051-unlawful-removal-of-child-from-parental-custody-without-a-warrant-essential-factual-elements-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3051 Unlawful Removal of Child From Parental Custody Without a Warrant\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv50b55-da65679eab74e153d3c73a6eb7e6721f\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuv50b55-da65679eab74e153d3c73a6eb7e6721f{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuv50b55-da65679eab74e153d3c73a6eb7e6721f .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuv50b55-da65679eab74e153d3c73a6eb7e6721f .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuv50b55-da65679eab74e153d3c73a6eb7e6721f av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3051 Unlawful Removal of Child From Parental Custody Without a Warrant\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  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0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7hc3uv-fa5d003a6e10573d43aa07220e8bac60 hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv51xcd-784408df901210f97aea4b2cf3d9030c\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kuv51xcd-784408df901210f97aea4b2cf3d9030c .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuv51xcd-784408df901210f97aea4b2cf3d9030c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3051\u00a0Unlawful Removal of Child From Parental Custody Without a Warrant\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] wrongfully removed [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s child from [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] parental custody because [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not have a warrant. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] removed [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s child from [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] parental custody without a warrant;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was performing or purporting to perform [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] official duties;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New June 2016 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction is a variation on\u00a0CACI No. 3021,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Unlawful Arrest by Peace Officer Without a Warrant\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>, and\u00a0CACI No. 3023,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Unreasonable Search or Seizure\u2014Search or Seizure Without a Warrant\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>, in which the warrantless act is the removal of a child from parental custody rather than an arrest or search. This instruction asserts a parent\u2019s due process right to familial association under the\u00a0Fourteenth Amendment. It may be modified to assert or include the child\u2019s right under the\u00a0Fourth Amendment\u00a0to be free of a warrantless seizure. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Arce v. Childrens Hospital Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 1455, 1473\u20131474 [150 Cal.Rptr.3d 735].)<\/p>\n<p>Warrantless removal is a constitutional violation unless the authorities possess information at the time of the seizure that establishes reasonable cause to believe that the child is in imminent danger of serious bodily injury and that the scope of the intrusion is reasonably necessary to avert that specific injury. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Arce, supra<\/span>, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 1473.) The committee believes that the defendant bears the burden of proving imminent danger. (See\u00a0Evid. Code, \u00a7\u2009500\u00a0[\u201cExcept as otherwise provided by law, a party has the burden of proof as to each fact the existence or nonexistence of which is essential to the claim for relief or defense that he is asserting.\u201d]; cf.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Welsh v. Wisconsin<\/span>\u00a0(1984) 466 U.S. 740, 750 [104 S.Ct. 2091, 80 L.Ed.2d 732]\u00a0[\u201cBefore agents of the government may invade the sanctity of the home, the burden is on the government to demonstrate exigent circumstances that overcome the presumption of unreasonableness that attaches to all warrantless home entries.\u201d].)\u00a0CACI No. 3026,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Affirmative Defense\u2014Exigent Circumstances<\/span>\u00a0(to a warrantless search), may be modified to respond to this claim.<\/p>\n<p>If the removal of the child was without a warrant and without exigent circumstances, but later found to be justified by the court, damages are limited to those caused by the procedural defect, not the removal. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Watson v. City of San Jose<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2015) 800 F.3d 1135, 1139.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018\u2009\u201cParents and children have a well-elaborated constitutional right to live together without governmental interference.\u2019 [Citation.] \u2018The\u00a0Fourteenth Amendment\u00a0guarantees that parents will not be separated from their children without due process of law except in emergencies.\u201d This \u2018right to family association\u2019 requires \u2018[g]overnment officials \u2026 to obtain prior judicial authorization before intruding on a parent\u2019s custody of her child unless they possess information at the time of the seizure that establishes \u201creasonable cause to believe that the child is in imminent danger of serious bodily injury and that the scope of the intrusion is reasonably necessary to avert that specific injury.\u201d [Citation.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Arce, supra<\/span>, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 1473, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018The\u00a0Fourth Amendment\u00a0also protects children from removal from their homes [without prior judicial authorization] absent such a showing. [Citation.] Officials, including social workers, who remove a child from its home without a warrant must have reasonable cause to believe that the child is likely to experience serious bodily harm in the time that would be required to obtain a warrant.\u2019 Because \u2018the same legal standard applies in evaluating\u00a0Fourth\u00a0and\u00a0Fourteenth Amendment\u00a0claims for the removal of children,\u201d we may \u201canalyze [the claims] together.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Arce, supra<\/span>, 211 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1473\u20131474.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhile the constitutional source of the parent\u2019s and the child\u2019s rights differ, the tests under the\u00a0Fourteenth Amendment\u00a0and the\u00a0Fourth Amendment\u00a0for when a child may be seized without a warrant are the same. The Constitution requires an official separating a child from its parents to obtain a court order unless the official has reasonable cause to believe the child is in \u2018imminent danger of serious bodily injury.\u2019 Seizure of a child is reasonable also where the official obtains parental consent.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jones v. County of L.A.<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2015) 802 F.3d 990, 1000, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThis requirement \u2018balance[s], on the one hand, the need to protect children from abuse and neglect and, on the other, the preservation of the essential privacy and liberty interests that families are guaranteed under both the\u00a0Fourth\u00a0and\u00a0Fourteenth Amendments\u00a0of our Constitution.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Demaree v. Pederson<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2018) 880 F.3d 1066, 1074.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]hether an official had \u2018reasonable cause to believe exigent circumstances existed in a given situation \u2026 [is a] \u201cquestion[] of fact to be determined by a jury.\u201d [Citation.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Arce, supra<\/span>, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 1475.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder the\u00a0Fourth Amendment, government officials are ordinarily required to obtain prior judicial authorization before removing a child from the custody of her parent. However, officials may seize a child without a warrant \u2018if the information they possess at the time of the seizure is such as provides reasonable cause to believe that the child is in imminent danger of serious bodily injury and that the scope of the intrusion is reasonably necessary to avert that specific injury.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kirkpatrick v. Cnty. of Washoe<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2016) 843 F.3d 784, 790\u00a0(en banc).)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]t does not matter whether the warrant could be obtained in hours or days. What matters is whether there is an identifiable risk of serious harm or abuse\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">during whatever the delay period is<\/span>.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Demaree<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 880 F.3d at p. 1079, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe parental right secured by the\u00a0Fourteenth Amendment\u00a0\u2018is not reserved for parents with full legal and physical custody.\u2019 At the same time, however, \u2018[p]arental rights do not spring full-blown from the biological connection between parent and child.\u2019 Judicially enforceable interests arising under the\u00a0Fourteenth Amendment\u00a0\u2018require relationships more enduring,\u2019 which reflect some assumption \u2018of parental responsibility.\u2019 It is \u2018[w]hen an unwed father demonstrates a full commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood by coming forward to participate in the rearing of his child,\u2019 that \u2018his interest in personal contact with his child acquires substantial protection under the due process clause.\u2019 Until then, a person with only potential parental rights enjoys a liberty interest in the companionship, care, and custody of his children that is \u2018unambiguously lesser in magnitude.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kirkpatrick, supra<\/span>, 843 F.3d at p. 789.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] child is seized for purposes of the\u00a0Fourth\u00a0and\u00a0Fourteenth Amendments\u00a0when a representative of the state takes action causing a child to be detained at a hospital as part of a child abuse investigation, such that a reasonable person in the same position as the child\u2019s parent would believe that she cannot take her child home.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jones, supra<\/span>, 802 F.3d at p. 1001.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAn official \u2018cannot seize children suspected of being abused or neglected unless reasonable avenues of investigation are first pursued.\u2019 Further, because the \u2018scope of the intrusion\u2019 must be \u2018reasonably necessary to avert\u2019 a specific injury, the intrusion cannot be longer than necessary to avert the injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Keates v. Koile<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2018) 883 F.3d 1228, 1237, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] jury is needed to determine what a reasonable parent in the [plaintiffs\u2019] position would have believed and whether [defendant]\u2019s conduct amounted to a seizure.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jones, supra<\/span>, 802 F.3d at p. 1002.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn sum, although we do not dispute that Shaken Baby Syndrome is a serious, life-threatening injury, we disagree with the County defendants\u2019 assertion that a child may be detained without prior judicial authorization based solely on the fact that he or she has suffered a serious injury. Rather, the case law demonstrates that the warrantless detention of a child is improper unless there is \u201cspecific, articulable evidence\u201d that the child would be placed at imminent risk of serious harm absent an immediate interference with parental custodial rights.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Arce, supra<\/span>, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 1481.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]n cases where \u2018a deprivation is justified but procedures are deficient, whatever distress a person feels may be attributable to the justified deprivation rather than to deficiencies in procedure.\u2019 In such cases,\u2009\u2026 a plaintiff must \u2018convince the trier of fact that he actually suffered distress because of the denial of procedural due process itself.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Watson, supra<\/span>, 800 F.3d at p. 1139, internal citation omitted; see\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Carey v. Piphus<\/span>\u00a0(1978) 435 U.S. 247, 263 [98 S.Ct. 1042, 55 L.Ed.2d 252].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cLack of health insurance \u2026 does not provide a reasonable cause to believe a child is in imminent danger.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Keates<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 883 F.3d at p. 1237.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[B]arring a reasonable concern that material physical evidence might dissipate \u2026 or that some urgent medical problem exists requiring immediate medical attention, the state is required to notify parents and to obtain judicial approval before children are subjected to investigatory physical examinations.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mann v. Cty. of San Diego<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2018) 907 F.3d 1154, 1161.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>3 Civil Rights Actions, Ch. 12B,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Deprivation of Rights Under Color of State Law<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">\u2014Family Relations<\/span>, \u00b6\u200912B.03 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>11\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 113,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Rights: The Post-Civil War Civil Rights Statutes<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009113.14\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>3\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 35A,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Rights: Equal Protection<\/span>, \u00a7\u200935A.29 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ij1k7-a1ae7d9f255b65b164198da5a41501cb\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ij1k7-a1ae7d9f255b65b164198da5a41501cb .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ij1k7-a1ae7d9f255b65b164198da5a41501cb '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1575","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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