{"id":1576,"date":"2021-10-25T03:52:38","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:52:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1576"},"modified":"2022-05-07T15:12:14","modified_gmt":"2022-05-07T15:12:14","slug":"caci-3050-retaliation-essential-factual-elements-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3050-retaliation-essential-factual-elements-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3050 Retaliation\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv4ymks-ddc933e2ed16f48837729552abd9f1bd\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuv4ymks-ddc933e2ed16f48837729552abd9f1bd{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuv4ymks-ddc933e2ed16f48837729552abd9f1bd .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuv4ymks-ddc933e2ed16f48837729552abd9f1bd .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuv4ymks-ddc933e2ed16f48837729552abd9f1bd av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3050 Retaliation\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-7mmfpk-7d8531eb85d35e14d710f04ca9693d03 hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv4zu6u-af6422ef3b6aab0145e83402062f116e\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kuv4zu6u-af6422ef3b6aab0145e83402062f116e .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuv4zu6u-af6422ef3b6aab0145e83402062f116e '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3050\u00a0Retaliation\u2014Essential Factual Elements (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] retaliated against [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] for exercising a constitutional right. To establish retaliation, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was engaged in a constitutionally protected activity[, which I will determine after you, the jury, decide certain facts];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not have probable cause for the [arrest\/prosecution][, which I will determine after you, the jury, decide certain facts];]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify alleged retaliatory conduct<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s constitutionally protected activity was a substantial or motivating factor for [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s acts;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s acts would likely have deterred a person of ordinary firmness from engaging in that protected activity; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">6.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed as a result of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The law requires that the trial judge, rather than the jury, decide if [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has proven element 1 [and element 2] above.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[But before I can do so, you must decide whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has proven the following: [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">list all factual disputes that must be resolved by the jury.<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">or<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[The court has determined that by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify conduct<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was exercising [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] constitutionally protected right of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert right, e.g., privacy<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">or<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[The court has determined that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not have probable cause for the [arrest\/prosecution].] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New June 2010; Revised December 2010, Revised and renumbered from CACI No. 3016 December 2012; Revised June 2013, May 2020, May 2021 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Give this instruction along with\u00a0CACI No. 3000,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Violation of Federal Civil Rights\u2014In General\u2014Essential Factual Elements,<\/span>\u00a0if the claimed civil rights violation is retaliation for exercising constitutionally protected rights, including exercise of free speech rights as a private citizen. For a claim by a public employee who alleges that they suffered an adverse employment action in retaliation for their speech on an issue of public concern, see\u00a0CACI No. 3053,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Retaliation for Exercise of Free Speech Rights<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">\u2014Public Employee\u2014<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Essential Factual Elements<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>The retaliation should be alleged generally in element 1 of\u00a0CACI No. 3000. The constitutionally protected activity refers back to the right alleged to have been violated in element 3 of\u00a0CACI No. 3000.<\/p>\n<p>Element 2 applies only in retaliatory arrest and prosecution cases. Omit element 2 if the retaliation alleged is not based on an arrest or prosecution.<\/p>\n<p>Whether plaintiff was engaged in a constitutionally protected activity and, if applicable, whether probable cause for arrest or prosecution was absent (or whether the no-probable-cause requirement does not apply because of an exception) will usually have been resolved by the court as a matter of law before trial. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nieves v. Bartlett<\/span>\u00a0(2019) ___ U.S. ___ [139 S.Ct. 1715, 1724, 1727, 204 L.Ed.2d 1]\u00a0[requiring a plaintiff to plead and prove the absence of probable cause for arrest but stating an exception to the no-probable-cause requirement \u201cwhen a plaintiff presents objective evidence that he was arrested when otherwise similarly situated individuals not engaged in the same sort of protected speech had not been\u201d].) If there is a question of fact that the jury must resolve, include the optional bracketed language with element 1 and\/or element 2, and give the first bracketed option of the final paragraph, identifying with specificity all disputed factual issues the jury must resolve for the court to determine the contested element or elements. If the court has determined element 1 or element 2, omit the optional bracketed language of the element and instruct the jury that the element has been determined as a matter of law by giving the second and\/or third optional sentence(s) in the final paragraph.<\/p>\n<p>If there are contested issues of fact regarding the exception to the no-probable-cause requirement, this instruction may be augmented to include the specific factual findings necessary for the court to determine whether the exception applies.<\/p>\n<p>The plaintiff must show that the defendant acted with a retaliatory motive and that the motive was a \u201cbut for\u201d cause of the plaintiff\u2019s injury, i.e., that the retaliatory action would not have been taken absent the retaliatory motive. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nieves, supra,<\/span>\u00a0139 S.Ct. at p. 1722.) A plaintiff may prove causal connection with circumstantial evidence but establishing a causal connection between a defendant\u2019s animus and a plaintiff\u2019s injury will depend on the type of retaliation case. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Id.<\/span>\u00a0at pp. 1722\u20131723 [distinguishing straightforward cases from more complex cases].)<\/p>\n<p>If the defendant claims that the response to the plaintiff\u2019s constitutionally protected activity was prompted by a legitimate reason, the defendant may attempt to persuade the jury that the defendant would have taken the same action even in the absence of the alleged impermissible, retaliatory reason. See\u00a0CACI No. 3055,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rebuttal of Retaliatory Motive<\/span>. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Id.<\/span>\u00a0at p. 1727.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhere, as here, the plaintiff claims retaliation for exercising a constitutional right, the majority of federal courts require the plaintiff to prove that (1) he or she was engaged in constitutionally protected activity, (2) the defendant\u2019s retaliatory action caused the plaintiff to suffer an injury that would likely deter a person of ordinary firmness from engaging in that protected activity, and (3) the retaliatory action was motivated, at least in part, by the plaintiff\u2019s protected activity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tichinin v. City of Morgan Hill<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 1049, 1062\u20131063 [99 Cal.Rptr.3d 661].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A]ctions that are otherwise proper and lawful may nevertheless be actionable if they are taken in retaliation against a person for exercising his or her constitutional rights.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tichinin, supra,<\/span>\u00a0177 Cal.App.4th at p. 1084.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe plaintiff must show that the retaliation was a substantial or motivating factor behind the [arrest], and, if that showing is made, the defendant can prevail only by showing that the [arrest] would have been initiated without respect to retaliation.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nieves, supra,<\/span>\u00a0139 S.Ct. at p. 1725, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo state a\u00a0First Amendment\u00a0retaliation claim, a plaintiff must plausibly allege \u2018that (1) he was engaged in a constitutionally protected activity, (2) the defendant\u2019s actions would chill a person of ordinary firmness from continuing to engage in the protected activity and (3) the protected activity was a substantial or motivating factor in the defendant\u2019s conduct.\u2019 To ultimately \u2018prevail on such a claim, a plaintiff must establish a \u201ccausal connection\u201d between the government defendant\u2019s \u201cretaliatory animus\u201d and the plaintiff\u2019s \u201csubsequent injury.\u201d Specifically, a plaintiff must show that the defendant\u2019s retaliatory animus was \u2018a \u201cbut-for\u201d cause, meaning that the adverse action against the plaintiff would not have been taken absent the retaliatory motive.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Capp v. County of San Diego<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2019) 940 F.3d 1046, 1053, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cFor a number of retaliation claims, establishing the causal connection between a defendant\u2019s animus and a plaintiff\u2019s injury is straightforward. Indeed, some of our cases in the public employment context \u2018have simply taken the evidence of the motive and the discharge as sufficient for a circumstantial demonstration that the one caused the other,\u2019 shifting the burden to the defendant to show he would have taken the challenged action even without the impermissible motive. But the consideration of causation is not so straightforward in other types of retaliation cases.\u201d\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nieves, supra,<\/span>\u00a0139 S.Ct. at pp. 1722\u20131723.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo demonstrate retaliation in violation of the\u00a0First Amendment, [the plaintiff] must ultimately prove first that [defendant] took action that \u2018would chill or silence a person of ordinary firmness from future\u00a0First Amendment\u00a0activities.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Skoog v. County of Clackamas<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2006) 469 F.3d 1221, 1231\u20131232, footnote and citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe plaintiff pressing a retaliatory arrest claim must plead and prove the absence of probable cause for the arrest.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nieves v. Bartlett<\/span>\u00a0(2019) ___ U.S. ___ [139 S.Ct. 1715, 1724, 204 L.Ed.2d 1].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]e conclude that the no-probable-cause requirement should not apply when a plaintiff presents objective evidence that he was arrested when otherwise similarly situated individuals not engaged in the same sort of protected speech had not been.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nieves, supra,<\/span>\u00a0139 S.Ct. at p. 1727.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he evidence of [plaintiff]\u2019s alleged injuries, if believed, is sufficient to support a finding that the retaliatory action against him would deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising his or her\u00a0First Amendment\u00a0rights. [\u00b6] [Defendant] argues that plaintiff did not suffer any injury\u2014i.e., [defendant]\u2019s action did not chill [plaintiff]\u2019s exercise of his rights\u2014because he continued to litigate against [defendant]. However, that [plaintiff] persevered despite [defendant]\u2019s action is not determinative. To reiterate, in the context of a claim of retaliation, the question is not whether the plaintiff was actually deterred but whether the defendant\u2019s actions would have deterred a person of ordinary firmness.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tichinin, supra,<\/span>\u00a0177 Cal.App.4th at p. 1082.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIntent to inhibit speech, which \u2018is an element of the [retaliation] claim,\u2019 can be demonstrated either through direct or circumstantial evidence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mendocino Envtl. Ctr. v. Mendocino County<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1999) 192 F.3d 1283, 1300\u20131301, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[Defendant] may avoid liability if he shows that a \u2018final decision maker\u2019s independent investigation and termination decision, responding to a biased subordinate\u2019s initial report of misconduct,\u2009\u2026 negate[s] any causal link\u2019 between his retaliatory motive and the adverse employment action. This is because a final decision maker\u2019s wholly independent investigation and decision establish that \u2018the employee\u2019s protected speech was not a but-for cause of the adverse employment action.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Karl v. City of Mountlake Terrace<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2012) 678 F.3d 1062, 1072\u20131073, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhile the scope, severity and consequences of [their] actions are belittled by defendants, we have cautioned that \u2018a government act of retaliation need not be severe \u2026 [nor] be of a certain kind\u2019 to qualify as an adverse action.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Marez v. Bassett<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2010) 595 F.3d 1068, 1075.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>8 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Constitutional Law, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009894, 895, 978<\/div>\n<div>2\u00a0Wilcox, California Employment Law, Ch. 40,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Overview of Equal Opportunity Laws<\/span>, \u00a7\u200940.26\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>3 Civil Rights Actions, Ch. 17,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Discrimination in Federally Assisted Programs,<\/span>\u00a0\u00b6\u200917.24B (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>4 Civil Rights Actions, Ch. 21A,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Employment Discrimination Based on Race, Color, Religion, Sex, or National Origin,<\/span>\u00a0\u00b6\u200921.22(f) (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>11\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 115,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Rights: Employment Discrimination<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009115.37\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>10\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 100,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Employer and Employee: Wrongful Termination and Discipline<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009100.42\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5raqmg-36da36a13017f304caa94cb696c3c8b7\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-5raqmg-36da36a13017f304caa94cb696c3c8b7 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-5raqmg-36da36a13017f304caa94cb696c3c8b7 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1576","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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