{"id":1580,"date":"2021-10-25T03:52:38","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:52:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1580"},"modified":"2022-05-05T20:56:33","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T20:56:33","slug":"caci-3040-violation-of-prisoners-federal-civil-rights-eighth-amendment-substantial-risk-of-serious-harm-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3040-violation-of-prisoners-federal-civil-rights-eighth-amendment-substantial-risk-of-serious-harm-42-u-s-c-%c2%a7-1983\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3040 Violation of Prisoner\u2019s Federal Civil Rights\u2014Eighth Amendment\u2014Substantial Risk of Serious Harm (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv4qkxy-429b24a984818d2e526baa6fffc12bc1\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuv4qkxy-429b24a984818d2e526baa6fffc12bc1{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuv4qkxy-429b24a984818d2e526baa6fffc12bc1 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuv4qkxy-429b24a984818d2e526baa6fffc12bc1 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuv4qkxy-429b24a984818d2e526baa6fffc12bc1 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3040 Violation of Prisoner\u2019s Federal Civil Rights\u2014Eighth Amendment\u2014Substantial Risk of Serious Harm (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv4rz9t-9f3dd6bcccd881e5fd7adab61182a0aa\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kuv4rz9t-9f3dd6bcccd881e5fd7adab61182a0aa .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuv4rz9t-9f3dd6bcccd881e5fd7adab61182a0aa '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3040\u00a0Violation of Prisoner\u2019s Federal Civil Rights\u2014Eighth Amendment\u2014Substantial Risk of Serious Harm (42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u20091983)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] subjected [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to prison conditions that violated [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] constitutional rights. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That while imprisoned, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">describe violation that created risk, e.g.<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">]<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">was placed in a cell block with rival gang members<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s [conduct\/failure to act] created a substantial risk of serious harm to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s health or safety;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knew that [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [conduct\/failure to act] created a substantial risk of serious harm to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s health or safety;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] disregarded the risk by failing to take reasonable measures to address it;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That there was no reasonable justification for the [conduct\/failure to act];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">6.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was performing [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] official duties when [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [acted\/purported to act\/failed to act];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">7.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">8.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s [conduct\/failure to act] was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Whether the risk was obvious is a factor that you may consider in determining whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knew of the risk. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised December 2010, June 2011; Renumbered from CACI No. 3011 December 2012; Revised December 2014, June 2015, May 2017, May 2020 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Give this instruction in a case involving conduct that allegedly created a substantial risk of serious harm to an inmate. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Farmer v. Brennan<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 511 U.S. 825 [114 S.Ct. 1970, 128 L.Ed.2d 811].) For an instruction on deprivation of medical care, see\u00a0CACI No. 3041,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Violation of Prisoner\u2019s Federal Civil Rights\u2014Eighth Amendment\u2014Medical Care<\/span>. For an instruction involving the deprivation of necessities, see\u00a0CACI No. 3043,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Violation of Prisoner\u2019s Federal Civil Rights<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">\u2014Eight Amendment\u2014<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Deprivation of Necessities<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In element 1, describe the act or omission that created the risk. In elements 2 and 3, choose \u201cconduct\u201d if the risk was created by affirmative action. Choose \u201cfailure to act\u201d if the risk was created by an omission.<\/p>\n<p>In prison-conditions cases, the inmate must show that the defendant was deliberately indifferent to the inmate\u2019s health or safety. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Farmer, supra<\/span>, 511 U.S. at p. 834.) \u201cDeliberate indifference\u201d involves a two part inquiry. First, the inmate must show that the prison officials were aware of a \u201csubstantial risk of serious harm\u201d to the inmate\u2019s health or safety, but failed to act to address the danger. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Castro v. County of L.A.<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2016) 833 F.3d 1060, 1073.) Second, the inmate must show that the prison officials had no \u201creasonable\u201d justification for the conduct, in spite of that risk. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Thomas v. Ponder<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2010) 611 F.3d 1144, 1150.) Elements 3, 4, and 5 express the deliberate-indifference components.<\/p>\n<p>The \u201cofficial duties\u201d referred to in element 6 must be duties created by any state, county, or municipal law, ordinance, or regulation. This aspect of color of law most likely will not be an issue for the jury, so it has been omitted to shorten the wording of element 6. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Civil Action for Deprivation of Rights. Title\u00a042 United States Code section 1983.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt is undisputed that the treatment a prisoner receives in prison and the conditions under which he is confined are subject to scrutiny under the\u00a0Eighth Amendment.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Helling v. McKinney<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 509 U.S. 25, 31 [113 S.Ct. 2475, 125 L.Ed.2d 22].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cOur cases have held that a prison official violates the\u00a0Eighth Amendment\u00a0only when two requirements are met. First, the deprivation alleged must be, objectively, \u2018sufficiently serious.\u2019 For a claim \u2026 based on a failure to prevent harm, the inmate must show that he is incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm. The second requirement follows from the principle that \u2018only the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain implicates the\u00a0Eighth Amendment.\u2019 To violate the\u00a0Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause, a prison official must have a \u2018sufficiently culpable state of mind.\u2019 In prison-conditions cases that state of mind is one of \u2018deliberate indifference\u2019 to inmate health or safety\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Farmer, supra<\/span>, 511 U.S. at p. 834, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[D]irect causation by affirmative action is not necessary: \u2018a prison official may be held liable under the\u00a0Eighth Amendment\u00a0if he knows that inmates face a substantial risk of serious harm and disregards that risk\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">by failing to take reasonable measures to abate it<\/span>.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Castro, supra<\/span>, 833 F.3d at p. 1067, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhether a prison official had the requisite knowledge of a substantial risk is a question of fact subject to demonstration in the usual ways, including inference from circumstantial evidence, and a factfinder may conclude that a prison official knew of a substantial risk from the very fact that the risk was obvious.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Farmer, supra<\/span>, 511 U.S. at p. 842, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhen instructing juries in deliberate indifference cases with such issues of proof, courts should be careful to ensure that the requirement of subjective culpability is not lost. It is not enough merely to find that a reasonable person would have known, or that the defendant should have known, and juries should be instructed accordingly.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Farmer, supra<\/span>, 511 U.S. at p. 843 fn. 8.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe hold \u2026 that a prison official cannot be found liable under the\u00a0Eighth Amendment\u00a0for denying an inmate humane conditions of confinement unless the official knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety; the official must both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Farmer, supra<\/span>, 511 U.S. at p. 837.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe precise role of legitimate penological interests is not entirely clear in the context of an\u00a0Eighth Amendment\u00a0challenge to conditions of confinement. The Supreme Court has written that the test of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Turner v. Safley<\/span>, 482 U.S. 78, 107 S. Ct. 2254, 96 L. Ed. 2d 64 (1987), which requires only a reasonable relationship to a legitimate penological interest to justify prison regulations, does not apply to\u00a0Eighth Amendment\u00a0claims.\u2009\u2026 The existence of a legitimate penological justification has, however, been used in considering whether adverse treatment is sufficiently gratuitous to constitute punishment for\u00a0Eighth Amendment\u00a0purposes.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Grenning v. Miller-Stout<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2014) 739 F.3d 1235, 1240.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe recognize that prison officials have a \u2018better grasp\u2019 of the policies required to operate a correctional facility than either judges or juries. For this reason, in \u2026 conditions of confinement cases, we instruct juries to defer to prison officials\u2019 judgments in adopting and executing policies needed to preserve discipline and maintain security.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mendiola-Martinez v. Arpaio<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2016) 836 F.3d 1239, 1254, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cHowever, our precedent should not be misread to suggest that jail officials are automatically entitled to deference instructions in conditions of confinement or excessive force cases brought by prisoners, or \u00a7\u20091983 actions brought by former inmates. We have long recognized that a jury need not defer to prison officials where the plaintiff produces substantial evidence showing that the jail\u2019s policy or practice is an unnecessary, unjustified, or exaggerated response to the need for prison security.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shorter v. Baca<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2018) 895 F.3d 1176, 1183, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough claims by pretrial detainees arise under the\u00a0Fourteenth Amendment\u00a0and claims by convicted prisoners arise under the\u00a0Eighth Amendment, our cases do not distinguish among pretrial and postconviction detainees for purposes of the excessive force, conditions of confinement, and medical care deference instructions.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shorter, supra<\/span>, 895 F.3d at p. 1182, fn. 4.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe Supreme Court has interpreted the phrase \u2018under \u201ccolor\u201d of law\u2019 to mean \u2018under \u201cpretense\u201d of law.\u2019 A police officer\u2019s actions are under pretense of law only if they are \u2018in some way \u201crelated to the performance of his official duties.\u201d\u2009\u2019 By contrast, an officer who is \u2018\u2009\u201cpursuing his own goals and is not in any way subject to control by [his public employer],\u201d\u2009\u2019 does not act under color of law, unless he \u2018purports or pretends\u2019 to do so. Officers who engage in confrontations for personal reasons unrelated to law enforcement, and do not \u2018purport[] or pretend[]\u2019 to be officers, do not act under color of law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Huffman v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 1998) 147 F.3d 1054, 1058, internal citations omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>8 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Constitutional Law, \u00a7\u2009901<\/div>\n<div>3 Civil Rights Actions, Ch. 11,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Deprivation of Rights Under Color of State Law\u2014Prisons<\/span>, \u00b6\u00b6\u200911.02\u201311.03 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>11\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 114,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Rights: Prisoners\u2019 Rights<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009114.28\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7ocdng-ac7961873a5134f0526aa59b4592b23c hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-652huk-2b89911a3a2df8d07dfdc6542558af93\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-652huk-2b89911a3a2df8d07dfdc6542558af93 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-652huk-2b89911a3a2df8d07dfdc6542558af93 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1580","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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