{"id":1596,"date":"2021-10-25T03:52:38","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:52:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1596"},"modified":"2022-05-07T15:15:07","modified_gmt":"2022-05-07T15:15:07","slug":"caci-3060-unruh-civil-rights-act-essential-factual-elements-civ-code-%c2%a7%c2%a7-51-52","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3060-unruh-civil-rights-act-essential-factual-elements-civ-code-%c2%a7%c2%a7-51-52\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3060 Unruh Civil Rights Act\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u00a7\u200951, 52)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv59emo-b1f2eaab85047bd8b3ebcef0517c91af\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuv59emo-b1f2eaab85047bd8b3ebcef0517c91af{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuv59emo-b1f2eaab85047bd8b3ebcef0517c91af .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuv59emo-b1f2eaab85047bd8b3ebcef0517c91af .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuv59emo-b1f2eaab85047bd8b3ebcef0517c91af av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3060 Unruh Civil Rights Act\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u00a7\u200951, 52)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv5aszf-8cd8525cf2f06f7980965e314814c016\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kuv5aszf-8cd8525cf2f06f7980965e314814c016 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuv5aszf-8cd8525cf2f06f7980965e314814c016 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3060\u00a0Unruh Civil Rights Act\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u00a7\u200951, 52)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] denied [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] full and equal [accommodations\/advantages\/facilities\/privileges\/services] because of [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [sex\/race\/color\/religion\/ancestry\/ national origin\/disability\/medical condition\/genetic information\/marital status\/sexual orientation\/citizenship\/primary language\/immigration status\/[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert other actionable characteristic<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]]. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [denied\/aided or incited a denial of\/discriminated or made a distinction that denied] full and equal [accommodations\/advantages\/facilities\/privileges\/services] to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That a substantial motivating reason for [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was [its perception of] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s [sex\/race\/color\/religion\/ancestry\/national origin\/medical condition\/genetic information\/marital status\/sexual orientation\/citizenship\/primary language\/immigration status\/[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert other actionable characteristic<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]];]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That the [sex\/race\/color\/religion\/ancestry\/national origin\/medical condition\/genetic information\/marital status\/sexual orientation\/citizenship\/primary language\/immigration status\/[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert other actionable characteristic<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] of a person whom [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was associated with was a substantial motivating reason for [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct;]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised December 2011, June 2012; Renumbered from CACI No. 3020 December 2012; Revised June 2013, June 2016 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Select the bracketed option from element 2 that is most appropriate to the facts of the case.<\/p>\n<p>Note that element 2 uses the term \u201csubstantial motivating reason\u201d to express both intent and causation between the protected classification and the defendant\u2019s conduct. \u201cSubstantial motivating reason\u201d has been held to be the appropriate standard under the Fair Employment and Housing Act to address the possibility of both discriminatory and nondiscriminatory motives. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Harris v. City of Santa Monica<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 56 Cal.4th 203, 232 [152 Cal.Rptr.3d 392, 294 P.3d 49];\u00a0CACI No. 2507, \u201c<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Substantial Motivating Reason\u201d Explained<\/span>.) Whether the FEHA standard applies under the Unruh Act has not been addressed by the courts.<\/p>\n<p>With the exception of claims that are also violations of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) (see\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Munson v. Del Taco, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 46 Cal.4th 661, 665 [94 Cal.Rptr.3d 685, 208 P.3d 623]), intentional discrimination is required for violations of the Unruh Act. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Harris v. Capital Growth Investors XIV<\/span>\u00a0(1991) 52 Cal.3d 1142, 1149 [278 Cal.Rptr. 614, 805 P.2d 873].) The intent requirement is encompassed within the motivating-reason element. For claims that are also violations of the ADA, do not give element 2.<\/p>\n<p>Note that there are two causation elements. There must be a causal link between the discriminatory intent and the adverse action (see element 2), and there must be a causal link between the adverse action and the harm (see element 4).<\/p>\n<p>For an instruction on damages under the Unruh Act, see\u00a0CACI No. 3067,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Unruh Civil Rights Act\u2014Damages<\/span>. Note that the jury may award a successful plaintiff up to three times actual damages but not less than $4,000 regardless of any actual damages. (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u200952(a).) In this regard, harm is presumed, and elements 3 and 4 may be considered as established if no actual damages are sought. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Koire v. Metro Car Wash<\/span>\u00a0(1985) 40 Cal.3d 24, 33 [219 Cal.Rptr. 133, 707 P.2d 195]\u00a0[Unruh Act violations are per se injurious];\u00a0Civ. Code, \u00a7\u200952(a)\u00a0[provides for minimum statutory damages for every violation regardless of the plaintiff\u2019s actual damages]; see also\u00a0Civ. Code, \u00a7\u200952(h)\u00a0[\u201cactual damages\u201d means special and general damages].)<\/p>\n<p>The judge may decide the issue of whether the defendant is a business establishment as a matter of law. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rotary Club of Duarte v. Bd. of Directors<\/span>\u00a0(1986) 178 Cal.App.3d 1035, 1050 [224 Cal.Rptr. 213].) Special interrogatories may be needed if there are factual issues. This element has been omitted from the instruction because it is unlikely to go to a jury.<\/p>\n<p>The Act is not limited to the categories expressly mentioned in the statute. Other forms of arbitrary discrimination by business establishments are prohibited. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Marina Point, Ltd. v. Wolfson<\/span>\u00a0(1982) 30 Cal.3d 721, 736 [180 Cal.Rptr. 496, 640 P.2d 115].) Therefore, this instruction allows the user to \u201c<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert other actionable characteristic<\/span>\u201d throughout. Nevertheless, there are limitations on expansion beyond the statutory classifications. First, the claim must be based on a personal characteristic similar to those listed in the statute. Second, the court must consider whether the alleged discrimination was justified by a legitimate business reason. Third, the consequences of allowing the claim to proceed must be taken into account. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Semler v. General Electric Capital Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 1380, 1392\u20131393 [127 Cal.Rptr.3d 794]; see\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Harris, supra<\/span>, 52 Cal.3d at pp. 1159\u20131162.) However, these issues are most likely to be resolved by the court rather than the jury. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Harris, supra<\/span>, 52 Cal.3d at p. 1165.) Therefore, no elements are included to address what may be an \u201cother actionable characteristic.\u201d If there are contested factual issues, additional instructions or special interrogatories may be necessary. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Unruh Civil Rights Act.\u00a0Civil Code section 51.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Remedies Under Unruh Act.\u00a0Civil Code section 52.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe Unruh Act was enacted to \u2018create and preserve a nondiscriminatory environment in California business establishments by \u201cbanishing\u201d or \u201ceradicating\u201d arbitrary, invidious discrimination by such establishments.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Flowers v. Prasad<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 930, 937 [190 Cal.Rptr.3d 33].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cInvidious discrimination is the treatment of individuals in a manner that is malicious, hostile, or damaging.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Javorsky v. Western Athletic Clubs, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 1386, 1404 [195 Cal.Rptr.3d 706].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018The Legislature used the words \u201call\u201d and \u201cof every kind whatsoever\u201d in referring to business establishments covered by the Unruh Act, and the inclusion of these words without any exception and without specification of particular kinds of enterprises, leaves no doubt that the term \u201cbusiness establishments\u201d was used in the broadest sense reasonably possible. The word \u201cbusiness\u201d embraces everything about which one can be employed, and it is often synonymous with \u201ccalling, occupation, or trade, engaged in for the purpose of making a livelihood or gain.\u201d The word \u201cestablishment,\u201d as broadly defined, includes not only a fixed location, such as the \u201cplace where one is permanently fixed for residence or business,\u201d but also a permanent \u201ccommercial force or organization\u201d or \u201ca permanent settled position, (as in life or business).\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">O\u2019Connor v. Village Green Owners Assn.<\/span>\u00a0(1983) 33 Cal.3d 790, 795 [191 Cal.Rptr. 320, 662 P.2d 427], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Whether a defendant is a \u201cbusiness establishment\u201d is decided as an issue of law. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rotary Club of Duarte, supra,<\/span>\u00a0178 Cal.App.3d at p. 1050.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhen a plaintiff has visited a business\u2019s website with intent to use its services and alleges that the business\u2019s terms and conditions exclude him or her from full and equal access to its services, the plaintiff need not enter into an agreement with the business to establish standing under the Unruh Civil Rights Act. In general, a person suffers discrimination under the Act when the person presents himself or herself to a business with an intent to use its services but encounters an exclusionary policy or practice that prevents him or her from using those services. We conclude that this rule applies to online businesses and that visiting a website with intent to use its services is, for purposes of standing, equivalent to presenting oneself for services at a brick-and-mortar store. Although mere awareness of a business\u2019s discriminatory policy or practice is not enough for standing under the Act, entering into an agreement with the business is not required.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">White v. Square, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 7 Cal.5th 1019, 1023 [250 Cal.Rptr.3d 770, 446 P.3d 276].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe hold that including websites connected to a physical place of public accommodation is not only consistent with the plain language of Title III, but it is also consistent with Congress\u2019s mandate that the ADA keep pace with changing technology to effectuate the intent of the statute.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Thurston v. Midvale Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 634, 644 [252 Cal.Rptr.3d 292].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cHere, the City was not acting as a business establishment. It was amending an already existing municipal code section to increase the minimum age of a responsible person from the age of 21 years to 30. The City was not directly discriminating against anyone and nothing in the plain language of the Unruh Civil Rights Act makes its provisions applicable to the actions taken by the City.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Harrison v. City of Rancho Mirage<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 162, 175 [196 Cal.Rptr.3d 267].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he protection against discrimination afforded by the Unruh Act applies to \u2018all persons,\u2019 and is not reserved for restricted categories of prohibited discrimination.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Marina Point, Ltd.<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 30 Cal.3d at p. 736.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cNevertheless, the enumerated categories, bearing the \u2018common element\u2019 of being \u2018personal\u2019 characteristics of an individual, necessarily confine the Act\u2019s reach to forms of discrimination based on characteristics similar to the statutory classifications\u2014such as \u2018a person\u2019s geographical origin, physical attributes, and personal beliefs.\u2019 The \u2018personal characteristics\u2019 protected by the Act are not defined by \u2018immutability, since some are, while others are not [immutable], but that they represent traits, conditions, decisions, or choices fundamental to a person\u2019s identity, beliefs and self-definition.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Candelore v. Tinder, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 19 Cal.App.5th 1138, 1145 [228 Cal.Rptr.3d 336].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn addition to the particular forms of discrimination specifically outlawed by the Act (sex, race, color, etc.), courts have held the Act \u2018prohibit[s] discrimination based on several classifications which are not specifically enumerated in the statute.\u2019 These judicially recognized classifications include unconventional dress or physical appearance, families with children, homosexuality, and persons under 18.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hessians Motorcycle Club v. J.C. Flanagans<\/span>\u00a0(2001) 86 Cal.App.4th 833, 836 [103 Cal.Rptr.2d 552], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe Act applies not merely in situations where businesses exclude individuals altogether, but also \u2018where unequal treatment is the result of a business practice.\u2019 \u2018Unequal treatment includes offering price discounts on an arbitrary basis to certain classes of individuals.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Candelore<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 19 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1145\u20131146, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cRace discrimination claims under \u2026 the Unruh Civil Rights Act follow the analytical framework established under federal employment law. Although coaches are different from \u2018ordinary employers,\u2019 the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">McDonnell Douglas<\/span>\u00a0framework strikes the appropriate balance in evaluating race discrimination claims brought by college athletes:\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mackey v. Board of Trustees of California State University<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 640, 661 [242 Cal.Rptr.3d 757], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he language and history of the Unruh Act indicate that the legislative object was to prohibit intentional discrimination in access to public accommodations. We have been directed to no authority, nor have we located any, that would justify extension of a disparate impact test, which has been developed and applied by the federal courts primarily in employment discrimination cases, to a general discrimination-in-public-accommodations statute like the Unruh Act. Although evidence of adverse impact on a particular group of persons may have probative value in public accommodations cases and should therefore be admitted in appropriate cases subject to the general rules of evidence, a plaintiff must nonetheless plead and prove a case of intentional discrimination to recover under the Act.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Harris, supra<\/span>, 52 Cal.3d at p. 1149.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cOn examining the language, statutory context, and history of section 51, subdivision (f), we conclude \u2026 [t]he Legislature\u2019s intent in adding subdivision (f) was to provide disabled Californians injured by violations of the ADA with the remedies provided by section 52. A plaintiff who establishes a violation of the ADA, therefore, need not prove intentional discrimination in order to obtain damages under section 52.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Munson, supra<\/span>, 46 Cal.4th at p. 665.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCivil Code section 51, subdivision (f)\u00a0states: \u2018A violation of the right of any individual under the federal [ADA] shall also constitute a violation of this section.\u2019 The ADA provides in pertinent part: \u2018No individual shall be discriminated against on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person who \u2026 operates a place of public accommodation.\u2019 The ADA defines discrimination as \u2018a failure to make reasonable modifications in policies, practices, or procedures, when such modifications are necessary to afford such goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations to individuals with disabilities, unless the entity can demonstrate that making such modifications would fundamentally alter the nature of such goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Baughman v. Walt Disney World Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 1438, 1446 [159 Cal.Rptr.3d 825], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Although the Unruh Act proscribes \u201cany form of arbitrary discrimination,\u201d certain types of discrimination have been denominated \u201creasonable\u201d and, therefore, not arbitrary.\u2019 Thus, for example, \u2018legitimate business interests may justify limitations on consumer access to public accommodations.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hankins v. El Torito Restaurants, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 510, 520 [74 Cal.Rptr.2d 684], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cDiscrimination may be reasonable, and not arbitrary, in light of the nature of the enterprise or its facilities, legitimate business interests (maintaining order, complying with legal requirements, and protecting business reputation or investment), and public policy supporting the disparate treatment.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Javorsky, supra<\/span>, 242 Cal.App.4th at p. 1395.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he Act\u2019s objective of prohibiting \u2018unreasonable, arbitrary or invidious discrimination\u2019 is fulfilled by examining whether a price differential reflects an \u2018arbitrary, class-based generalization.\u2019 \u2026 [A] policy treating age groups differently in this respect may be upheld, at least if the pricing policy (1) ostensibly provides a social benefit to the recipient group; (2) the recipient group is disadvantaged economically when compared to other groups paying full price; and (3) there is no invidious discrimination.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Javorsky, supra<\/span>, 242 Cal.App.4th at p. 1399.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnruh Act issues have often been decided as questions of law on demurrer or summary judgment when the policy or practice of a business establishment is valid on its face because it bears a reasonable relation to commercial objectives appropriate to an enterprise serving the public.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Harris, supra,<\/span>\u00a052 Cal.3d at p. 1165, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt is thus manifested by section 51 that all persons are entitled to the full and equal privilege of associating with others in any business establishment. And section 52, liberally interpreted, makes clear that discrimination by such a business establishment against one\u2019s right of association on account of the associates\u2019 color, is violative of the Act. It follows \u2026 that discrimination by a business establishment against persons on account of their association with others of the black race is actionable under the Act.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Winchell v. English<\/span>\u00a0(1976) 62 Cal.App.3d 125, 129 [133 Cal.Rptr. 20].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAppellant is disabled as a matter of law not only because she is HIV positive, but also because it is undisputed that respondent \u2018regarded or treated\u2019 her as a person with a disability. The protection of the Unruh Civil Rights Act extends both to people who are currently living with a physical disability that limits a life activity and to those who are regarded by others as living with such a disability.\u2009\u2026 \u2018Both the policy and language of the statute offer protection to a person who is not actually disabled, but is wrongly perceived to be. The statute\u2019s plain language leads to the conclusion that the \u201cregarded as\u201d definition casts a broader net and protects\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">any<\/span>\u00a0individual \u201cregarded\u201d or \u201ctreated\u201d by an employer \u201cas having, or having had, any physical condition that makes achievement of a major life activity difficult\u201d or may do so in the future.\u2019 Thus, even an HIV-positive person who is outwardly asymptomatic is protected by the Unruh Civil Rights Act.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Maureen K. v. Tuschka<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 519, 529\u2013530 [155 Cal.Rptr.3d 620], original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he Unruh Civil Rights Act prohibits arbitrary discrimination in public accommodations with respect to trained service dogs, but not to service-animals-in-training.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Miller v. Fortune Commercial Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 214, 224 [223 Cal.Rptr.3d 133].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>8 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Constitutional Law, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009994\u20131015<\/div>\n<div>Chin et al., California Practice Guide: Employment Litigation, Ch.7-G,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Unruh Civil Rights Act<\/span>, \u00b6\u20097:1525 et seq. (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>11\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 116,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Rights: Discrimination in Business Establishments<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009116.10\u2013116.13\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>3\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 35,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Rights: Unruh Civil Rights Act<\/span>, \u00a7\u200935.20 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7lvuxo-7a83120fae061d4cb0483ee92e1c6c4b hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ndq5o-89d57abd2a1e753e37f294d1af04d510\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ndq5o-89d57abd2a1e753e37f294d1af04d510 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ndq5o-89d57abd2a1e753e37f294d1af04d510 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1596","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CACI 3060 Unruh Civil Rights Act\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Civ. 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