{"id":1608,"date":"2021-10-25T03:52:38","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:52:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1608"},"modified":"2022-05-07T15:19:01","modified_gmt":"2022-05-07T15:19:01","slug":"caci-3066-bane-act-essential-factual-elements-civ-code-%c2%a7-52-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3066-bane-act-essential-factual-elements-civ-code-%c2%a7-52-1\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3066 Bane Act\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u200952.1)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv795vs-066d693f4fb0a8ddab3bc6a80dd85dc3\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuv795vs-066d693f4fb0a8ddab3bc6a80dd85dc3{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuv795vs-066d693f4fb0a8ddab3bc6a80dd85dc3 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuv795vs-066d693f4fb0a8ddab3bc6a80dd85dc3 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuv795vs-066d693f4fb0a8ddab3bc6a80dd85dc3 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3066 Bane Act\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u200952.1)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuv7anx9-690c853e884bde3a7a1d69de5e0b8e2b\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kuv7anx9-690c853e884bde3a7a1d69de5e0b8e2b .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuv7anx9-690c853e884bde3a7a1d69de5e0b8e2b '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3066\u00a0Bane Act\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u200952.1)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] intentionally interfered with [or attempted to interfere with] [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] civil rights by threats, intimidation, or coercion. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">[<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That by threats, intimidation or coercion, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] caused [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to reasonably believe that if [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] exercised [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] right [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert right, e.g., \u201cto vote\u201d<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] would commit violence against [[him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\/ [or] [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] property] and that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had the apparent ability to carry out the threats;]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">or<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] acted violently against [[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\/ [and] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s property] [to prevent [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] from exercising [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] right [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., to vote<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\/to retaliate against [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] for having exercised [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] right [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., to vote<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]];]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] intended to deprive [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] of [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] enjoyment of the interests protected by the right [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., to vote<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Renumbered from CACI No. 3025 and Revised December 2012, November 2018 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Select the first option for element 1 if the defendant\u2019s conduct involved threats of violence. (See\u00a0Civ. Code, \u00a7\u200952.1(k).) Select the second option if the conduct involved actual violence.<\/p>\n<p>The Bane Act provides that speech alone is not sufficient to constitute a violation unless it involves a credible threat of violence. (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u200952.1(k).) This limitation would appear to foreclose a claim based on threats, intimidation, or coercion involving a nonviolent consequence. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cabesuela v. Browning-Ferris Industries<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 101, 111 [80 Cal.Rptr.2d 60]\u00a0[to state a cause of action under Bane Act there must first be violence or intimidation by threat of violence].) For example, it would not be a violation to threaten to report someone to immigration if the person exercises a right granted under labor law. No case has been found, however, that applies the speech limitation to foreclose such a claim, and several courts have suggested that this point is not fully settled. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shoyoye v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 947, 959 [137 Cal.Rptr.3d 839]\u00a0[we \u201cneed not decide that every plaintiff must allege violence or threats of violence in order to maintain an action under section 52.1\u201d];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">City and County of San Francisco v. Ballard<\/span>\u00a0(2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 381, 408 [39 Cal.Rptr.3d 1]\u00a0[also noting issue but finding it unnecessary to address].) To assert such a claim, modify element 1, option 1 to allege coercion based on a nonviolent threat with severe consequences.<\/p>\n<p>Civil Code section 52(a)\u00a0provides for damages up to three times actual damages but a minimum of $4,000 for violations of\u00a0Civil Code section 51\u00a0(Unruh Act), 51.5, and 51.6.\u00a0Civil Code section 52(b)\u00a0provides for punitive damages for violations of\u00a0Civil Code sections 51.7\u00a0(Ralph Act) and 51.9. Neither subsection of Section 52 mentions the Bane Act or\u00a0Civil Code section 52.1. Nevertheless, the reference to section 52 in subsection (b) of the Bane Act would seem to indicate that damages may be recovered under both subsections (a) and (b) of section 52.<\/p>\n<p>Under the Unruh Act, if only the statutory minimum damages of $4,000 is sought, it is not necessary to prove harm and causation. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Koire v. Metro Car Wash<\/span>\u00a0(1985) 40 Cal.3d 24, 33 [219 Cal.Rptr. 133, 707 P.2d 195]\u00a0[Section 52 provides for minimum statutory damages for every violation of section 51, regardless of the plaintiff\u2019s actual damages]; see also\u00a0Civ. Code, \u00a7\u200952(h)\u00a0[\u201cactual damages\u201d means special and general damages].) Presumably, the same rule applies under the Bane Act as the statutory minimum of section 52(a) should be recoverable Therefore, omit elements 2 and 3 unless actual damages are sought. If actual damages are sought, combine\u00a0CACI No. 3067,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Unruh Civil Rights Act\u2014Damages<\/span>, and\u00a0CACI No. 3068,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ralph Act\u2014Damages and Penalty<\/span>, to recover damages under both subsections (a) and (b) of section 52.<\/p>\n<p>It has been the rule that in a wrongful detention case, the coercion required to support a Bane Act claim must be coercion independent from that inherent in the wrongful detention itself. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bender v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 968, 981 [159 Cal.Rptr.3d 204].) One court, however, did not apply this rule in a wrongful arrest case. The court instead held that the \u201cthreat, intimidation or coercion\u201d element requires a specific intent to violate protected rights. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cornell v. City &amp; County of San Francisco<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 17 Cal.App.5th 766, 790\u2013804 [225 Cal.Rptr.3d 356].) Element 2 expresses this requirement. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Bane Act.\u00a0Civil Code section 52.1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Remedies Under Bane Act.\u00a0Civil Code section 52.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe Bane Act permits an individual to pursue a civil action for damages where another person \u2018interferes by threat, intimidation, or coercion, or attempts to interfere by threat, intimidation, or coercion, with the exercise or enjoyment by any individual or individuals of rights secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or of the rights secured by the Constitution or laws of this state.\u2019 \u2018The essence of a Bane Act claim is that the defendant, by the specified improper means (i.e., \u201cthreat[], intimidation or coercion\u201d), tried to or did prevent the plaintiff from doing something he or she had the right to do under the law or to force the plaintiff to do something that he or she was not required to do under the law.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">King v. State of California<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 265, 294 [195 Cal.Rptr.3d 286], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[S]ection 52.1, was enacted a decade [after the Ralph Act] as part of Assembly Bill No. 63 (1987\u20131988 Reg. Sess.) (Assembly Bill No. 63) and is known as the Tom Bane Civil Rights Act. It was intended to supplement the Ralph Civil Rights Act as an additional legislative effort to deter violence. The stated purpose of the bill was \u2018to fill in the gaps left by the Ralph Act\u2019 by allowing an individual to seek relief to prevent the violence from occurring before it was committed and providing for the filing of criminal charges.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Stamps v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 1441, 1447 [39 Cal.Rptr.3d 706], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe Legislature enacted section 52.1 to stem a tide of hate crimes.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jones v. Kmart Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 17 Cal.4th 329, 338 [70 Cal.Rptr.2d 844, 949 P.2d 941], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]o state a cause of action under section 52.1 there must first be violence or intimidation by threat of violence. Second, the violence or threatened violence must be due to plaintiff\u2019s membership in one of the specified classifications set forth in\u00a0Civil Code section 51.7\u00a0or a group similarly protected by constitution or statute from hate crimes.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gabrielle A. v. County of Orange<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 10 Cal.App.5th 1268, 1290 [217 Cal.Rptr.3d 275].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe plaintiff must show \u2018the defendant interfered with or attempted to interfere with the plaintiff\u2019s legal right by threatening or committing violent acts.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Julian v. Mission Community Hospital<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 360, 395 [218 Cal.Rptr.3d 38].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cHowever, the statutory language does not limit its application to hate crimes. Notably, the statute does not require a plaintiff to allege the defendant acted with discriminatory animus or intent based upon the plaintiff\u2019s membership in a protected class of persons.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shoyoye, supra<\/span>, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 956.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe phrase \u2018under color of law\u2019 indicates, without doubt, that the Legislature intended to include law enforcement officers within the scope of Section 52.1 if the requisites of the statute are otherwise met.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cornell, supra,<\/span>\u00a017 Cal.App.5th at p. 800.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCivil Code section 52.1, the Bane Act civil counterpart of [Penal Code] section 422.6, recognizes a private right of action for damages and injunctive relief for interference with civil rights.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">In re M.S.<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 10 Cal.4th 698, 715 [42 Cal.Rptr.2d 355, 896 P.2d 1365].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he Bane Act requires that the challenged conduct be intentional.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Simmons v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 7 Cal.App.5th 1113, 1125 [212 Cal.Rptr.3d 884].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[S]ection 52.1 does require an attempted or completed act of interference with a legal right, accompanied by a form of coercion.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jones, supra,<\/span>\u00a017 Cal.4th at p. 334.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe statutory framework of section 52.1 indicates that the Legislature meant the statute to address interference with constitutional rights involving more egregious conduct than mere negligence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shoyoye, supra<\/span>, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 958.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Section 52.1 is not a remedy to be used against private citizens for violations of rights that apply only to the state or its agents. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jones, supra<\/span>, 17 Cal.4th at p. 337\u00a0[right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[W]here coercion is inherent in the constitutional violation alleged,\u2009\u2026\u2009the statutory requirement of \u201cthreats, intimidation, or coercion\u201d is not met. The statute requires a showing of coercion independent from the coercion inherent in the wrongful detention itself.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Simmons, supra,<\/span>\u00a07 Cal.App.5th at p. 1126.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Assembly Bill 2719 (Stats. 2000, ch. 98) abrogated the holding of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boccato v. City of Hermosa Beach<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1797 [35 Cal.Rptr.2d 282], which held that a plaintiff was required to be a member of a specified protected class in order to bring an action under section 52.1: \u201cIt is the intent of the Legislature in enacting this act to clarify that an action brought pursuant to\u00a0Section 52.1 of the Civil Code\u00a0does not require the individual whose rights are secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or of the rights secured by the Constitution or laws of California, to be a member of a protected class identified by its race, color, religion, or sex, among other things.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSubdivision (j) of\u00a0Civil Code section 52.1\u00a0provides that speech alone is insufficient to support such an action, except upon a showing that the speech itself threatens violence against a specific person or group of persons, the person or group of persons against whom the speech is directed \u2018reasonably fears that, because of the speech, violence will be committed against them or their property and that the person threatening violence has the apparent ability to carry out the threat.\u2019 \u2026 The presence of the express \u2018reasonable fear\u2019 element, in addition to the \u2018apparent ability\u2019 element, in\u00a0Civil Code section 52.1, governing civil actions for damages, most likely reflects the Legislature\u2019s determination [that] a defendant\u2019s civil liability should depend on the harm actually suffered by the victim.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">In re M.S., supra,<\/span>\u00a010 Cal.4th at p. 715, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[Q]ualified immunity of the kind applied to actions brought under section 1983 does not apply to actions brought under\u00a0Civil Code section 52.1.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Venegas v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 1230, 1246 [63 Cal.Rptr.3d 741].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] wrongful detention that is \u2018accompanied by the requisite threats, intimidation, or coercion\u2019\u2014\u2018coercion independent from the coercion inherent in the wrongful detention itself\u2019 that is \u2018deliberate or spiteful\u2019\u2014is a violation of the Bane Act.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bender, supra<\/span>, 217 Cal.App.4th at p. 981, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cHere, there clearly\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">was<\/span>\u00a0a showing of coercion separate and apart from the coercion inherent in an unlawful arrest. [Defendant officer] wrongfully detained and arrested plaintiff, because he had no probable cause to believe plaintiff had committed any crime. But, in addition, [defendant officer] deliberately and unnecessarily beat and pepper sprayed the unresisting, already handcuffed plaintiff. That conduct was not the coercion that is inherent in a wrongful arrest.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bender, supra<\/span>, 217 Cal.App.4th at p. 979, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe acknowledge that some courts have read\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Shoyoye<\/span>\u00a0as having announced \u2018independen[ce] from [inherent coercion]\u2019 as a requisite element of all Section 52.1 claims alleging search-and-seizure violations, but we think those courts misread the statute as well as the import of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Venegas<\/span>. By its plain terms, Section 52.1 proscribes any \u2018interfere[nce] with\u2019 or attempted \u2018interfere[nce] with\u2019 protected rights carried out \u2018by threat, intimidation or coercion.\u2019 Nothing in the text of the statute requires that the offending \u2018threat, intimidation or coercion\u2019 be \u2018independent\u2019 from the constitutional violation alleged.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cornell, supra,<\/span>\u00a017 Cal.App.5th at pp. 799\u2013800.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]here, as here, an unlawful arrest is properly pleaded and proved, the egregiousness required by Section 52.1 is tested by whether the circumstances indicate the arresting officer had a specific intent to violate the arrestee\u2019s right to freedom from unreasonable seizure, not by whether the evidence shows something beyond the coercion \u2018inherent\u2019 in the wrongful detention.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cornell, supra,<\/span>\u00a017 Cal.App.5th at pp. 801\u2013802.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]his test \u2018\u2009\u201cessentially sets forth two requirements for a finding of \u2018specific intent\u2019\u2009\u2026 The first is a purely legal determination. Is the \u2026 right at issue clearly delineated and plainly applicable under the circumstances of the case? If the trial judge concludes that it is, then the jury must make the second, factual, determination. Did the defendant commit the act in question with the particular purpose of depriving the citizen victim of his enjoyment of the interests protected by that \u2026 right? If both requirements are met, even if the defendant did not in fact recognize the [unlawfulness] of his act, he will be adjudged as a matter of law to have acted [with the requisite specific intent]\u2014i.e., \u2018in reckless disregard of constitutional [or statutory] prohibitions or guarantees.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cornell, supra,<\/span>\u00a017 Cal.App.5th at p. 803.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCivil Code section 52.1\u00a0does not address the immunity established by section 844.6 [public entity immunity for injury to prisoners]. Nothing in\u00a0Civil Code section 52.1\u00a0indicates an intent to abrogate this specific immunity provision. The immunity that it creates therefore applies to [plaintiff]\u2019s Bane Act claim.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Towery v. State of California<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 14 Cal.App.5th 226, 234 [221 Cal.Rptr.3d 692].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>8 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Constitutional Law, \u00a7\u2009989 et seq.<\/div>\n<div>Cheng et al., Cal. Fair Housing and Public Accommodations \u00a7\u200914:5 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Civil Rights Litigation \u00a7\u00a7\u20093:1\u20133:15 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div>2\u00a0Wilcox, California Employment Law, Ch. 40,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Overview of Equal Employment Opportunity Laws<\/span>, \u00a7\u200940.12[2]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>11\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 117A,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Rights: Interference With Civil Rights by Threats, Intimidation, Coercion, or Violence<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009117A.11\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>3\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 35,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Rights: Unruh Civil Rights Act<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200935.01, 35.20 et seq. (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-78o914-91ce7076957b5ab117cbb9c5ed0379f9 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5euztk-44416f88d005c7f6244b060b020e3c9f\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-5euztk-44416f88d005c7f6244b060b020e3c9f .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-5euztk-44416f88d005c7f6244b060b020e3c9f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1608","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CACI 3066 Bane Act\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Civ. 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