{"id":1788,"date":"2021-10-25T03:53:33","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:53:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1788"},"modified":"2022-05-09T15:57:19","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T15:57:19","slug":"caci-3301-below-cost-sales-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3301-below-cost-sales-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3301 Below Cost Sales\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv0tvjhc-8344c4d198c19880f16769a519192092\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv0tvjhc-8344c4d198c19880f16769a519192092{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kv0tvjhc-8344c4d198c19880f16769a519192092 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kv0tvjhc-8344c4d198c19880f16769a519192092 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kv0tvjhc-8344c4d198c19880f16769a519192092 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3301 Below Cost Sales\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv0tx3be-90a3349d34450cda94020c5155bc93e5\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kv0tx3be-90a3349d34450cda94020c5155bc93e5 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv0tx3be-90a3349d34450cda94020c5155bc93e5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3301\u00a0Below Cost Sales\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] engaged in unlawful sales below cost. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [offered to sell\/sold] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product\/service<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] at a price that was below cost;]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[or]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] gave away [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product\/service<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s purpose was to injure competitors or destroy competition;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">If [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [[offered to sell\/sold] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product\/service<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] at a price that was below cost\/ [or] gave away [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product\/service<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] and that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s acts harmed [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], you may assume that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s purpose was to injure competitors or destroy competition. To overcome this presumption, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must present evidence of a different purpose. [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has presented evidence that [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/its] purpose was [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify other purpose<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. Considering all of the evidence presented, you must decide whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proved that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s purpose was to injure competitors or destroy competition. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised June 2011 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>The word \u201cprice\u201d as used here should be read sufficiently broadly to include \u201cspecial rebates, collateral contracts, or any device of any nature whereby such sale below cost is in substance or fact effected.\u201d (Bus. &amp; Prof. Code, \u00a7\u200917049.) To the extent the circumstances of the case warrant it, the word \u201cprice\u201d in the instruction may be supplemented or supplanted by other such price-related terms.<\/p>\n<p>For instructions on \u201ccost,\u201d see\u00a0CACI No.\u20023303,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Definition of \u201cCost,\u201d<\/span>\u00a0CACI No.\u20023304,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Presumptions Concerning Costs\u2014Manufacturer<\/span>,\u00a0CACI No.\u20023305,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Presumptions Concerning Costs\u2014Distributor<\/span>, and\u00a0CACI No.\u20023306,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Methods of Allocating Costs to an Individual Product.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Business and Professions Code sections 17071\u00a0and\u00a017071.5\u00a0create a rebuttable presumption of the purpose or intent to injure competitors or destroy competition. The presumption requires the defendants to go forward with evidence that would establish an affirmative defense or otherwise rebut the presumption of wrongful intent. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">People v. Pay Less Drug Store<\/span>\u00a0(1944) 25 Cal.2d 108, 114 [153 P.2d 9].) The plaintiff is entitled to an instruction on the presumption. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bay Guardian Co. v. New Times Media LLC<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 438, 465 [114 Cal.Rptr.3d 392.) For possible affirmative defenses, see\u00a0CACI No. 3331,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Affirmative Defense to Locality Discrimination, Below Cost Sales, and Loss Leader Sales Claims\u2014Closed-out, Discontinued, Damaged, or Perishable Items<\/span>,\u00a0CACI No. 3332,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Affirmative Defense to Locality Discrimination, Below Cost Sales, Loss Leader Sales, and Secret Rebates\u2014Functional Classifications<\/span>, and\u00a0CACI No. 3333,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Affirmative Defense to Locality Discrimination, Below Cost Sales, and Loss Leader Sales Claims\u2014Meeting Competition<\/span>. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Below-Cost Sales Prohibited.\u00a0Business and Professions Code section 17043.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cArticle or Product\u201d Defined.\u00a0Business and Professions Code section 17024.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Presumption of Intent to Injure Competitors or Destroy Competition.\u00a0Business and Professions Code section 17071.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Actual Damages or Injury Not Required.\u00a0Business and Professions Code section 17082.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe purpose of the Unfair Practices Act (UPA) is \u2018to safeguard the public against the creation or perpetuation of monopolies and to foster and encourage competition, by prohibiting unfair, dishonest, deceptive, destructive, fraudulent and discriminatory practices by which fair and honest competition is destroyed or prevented.\u2019 It forbids most locality discriminations, the use of loss leaders, gifts, secret rebates, boycotts, and \u2018deceptive, untrue or misleading advertising.\u2019 It also prohibits the sale of goods and services below cost.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pan Asia Venture Capital Corp. v. Hearst Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 424, 431\u2013432 [88 Cal.Rptr.2d 118], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSection 17043 uses the word \u2018purpose,\u2019 not \u2018intent,\u2019 not \u2018knowledge.\u2019 We therefore conclude that to violate section 17043, a company must act with the purpose, i.e., the desire, of injuring competitors or destroying competition.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cel-Tech Communications, Inc. v. Los Angeles Cellular Telephone Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 20 Cal.4th 163, 174\u2013175 [83 Cal.Rptr.2d 548, 973 P.2d 527].<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cProof that a defendant sold or distributed articles or products below cost will be \u2018presumptive evidence of the purpose or intent to injure competitors or destroy competition.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pan Asia Venture Capital Corp., supra,<\/span>\u00a074 Cal.App.4th at p. 432, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]e conclude that the section 17071 presumption is properly categorized as one that affects the burden of proof rather than merely the burden of persuasion. \u2018A presumption affecting the burden of proof shifts the burden of persuasion on an ultimate fact to the party against whom the presumption operates upon a finding of the predicate facts.\u2019 \u2018A presumption meant to establish or implement some public policy other than facilitation of the particular action in which it applies is a presumption affecting the burden of proof.\u2019 As we view section 17071, the presumption is indicative of an effort by the Legislature to implement the public policy of facilitating proof of unlawful purpose of below-cost sales which injure a competitor by shifting the burden of proof to the party more in possession of relevant evidence demonstrating the true intent associated with the pricing scheme.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bay Guardian Co.<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 187 Cal.App.4th at p. 464, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[T]he allocation of evidentiary burdens [under section 17071 is] as follows: \u201cAssuming proof of injury to a competitor has been made, California law allows plaintiffs to establish a prima facie case with proof of prices below average total cost. The defendant then has the burden of negating the inference of illegal intent or establishing an affirmative defense.\u201d \u2026 [Citation.]\u2019 The presumption \u2018may be rebutted by establishing one of the statute\u2019s affirmative defenses, such as meeting competition, see\u00a0Cal.Bus. &amp; Prof.Code \u00a7\u200917050, or by showing that the sales \u201cwere made in good faith and not for the purpose of injuring competitors or destroying competition.\u201d [Citation.]\u2019 \u2018After proof of the sales below cost and injury resulting therefrom, there is no undue hardship cast upon the defendants to require them to come forward with evidence of their true intent as against the prima facie showing, or with evidence which will bring them within a specified exception in the act.\u2019 Once the presumption is rebutted, \u2018the burden shifts back to the moving party to offer actual proof of injurious intent.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bay Guardian Co.<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 187 Cal.App.4th at pp. 464\u2013465, internal citations omitted; but see\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Haycock v. Hughes Aircraft Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 1473, 1492 [28 Cal.Rptr.2d 248]\u00a0[Evid. Code \u00a7\u2009606\u00a0indicates that a presumption affecting the burden of proof imposes upon the party against whom it operates the burden of proof as to the nonexistence of the presumed fact].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe section 17071 presumption, being one that in both nature and consequence alters the burden of proof, did \u2018\u2009\u201c<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">not<\/span>\u00a0disappear in the face of evidence as to the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonexistence<\/span>\u00a0of the presumed fact\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d [Citations.]\u2019 Therefore, the fact that defendants denied any purpose to harm competition, and produced some evidence of good faith efforts to compete in the marketplace, did not negate plaintiff\u2019s right to an instruction on a presumption affecting the burden of proof of unlawful purpose. Defendants may have offered rebuttal evidence, but they did not negate the presumption by conclusive proof that negated unlawful purpose as a matter of law or compelled a finding on the issue in their favor based on this record.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bay Guardian Co.<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 187 Cal.App.4th at p. 465, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cDetermination of the defendant\u2019s cost has always been treated as an issue of fact.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pan Asia Venture Capital Corp., supra,<\/span>\u00a074 Cal.App.4th at p. 432.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhile, similar to other cases, damages cannot be awarded in antitrust cases upon sheer guesswork or speculation, the plaintiff seeking damages for loss of profits is required to establish only with reasonable probability the existence of some causal connection between defendant\u2019s wrongful act and some loss of the anticipated revenue. Once that has been accomplished, the jury will be permitted to act upon probable and inferential proof and to \u2018make a just and reasonable estimate of the damage based on relevant data, and render its verdict accordingly.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Suburban Mobile Homes, Inc. v. AMFAC Communities, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1980) 101 Cal.App.3d 532, 545 [161 Cal.Rptr. 811], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cEven the objectives of the [federal and state] laws, though certainly similar, are not identical. The Sherman Act and Robinson-Patman Act (15 U.S.C. \u00a7\u200913(a)) seek to prevent anticompetitive acts that impair competition or harm competitors, whereas the UPA reflects a broader \u2018[l]egislative concern not only with the maintenance of competition, but with the maintenance of \u201c<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">fair and honest<\/span>\u00a0competition.\u201d [Citations.]\u2019 We disagree with defendants\u2019 characterization of the UPA as legislation that was merely \u2018intended to protect the public, not individual competitors.\u2019 The UPA has been described by our high court \u2018as a legislative attempt \u201cto regulate business as a whole by prohibiting practices which the legislature has determined constitute unfair trade practices.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bay Guardian Co.<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 187 Cal.App.4th at p. 457, original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn light of the distinctions we discern, some glaring, some subtle, between section 17043 and the federal or other state predatory pricing laws, and particularly in light of the conspicuous focus of section 17043 upon the mental state of defendants\u2019 purpose rather than ultimate impact of below-cost pricing, we decline to imply a recoupment element in the statute where none has been expressed.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bay Guardian Co.<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 187 Cal.App.4th at p. 459, internal citations omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>1 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Contracts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009623\u2013629<\/div>\n<div>3 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 40,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fraud and Deceit and Other Business Torts<\/span>, \u00a7\u200940.153\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>49\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 565,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Unfair Competition<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009565.52\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>23\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 235,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Unfair Competition<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009235.22 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1\u00a0Matthew Bender Practice Guide: California Unfair Competition and Business Torts, Ch. 5,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Antitrust<\/span>, 5.46[3],\u00a05.47[2]<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7o6lh8-45e33b4fa641d39d6484d2ce66259684 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5ovics-f2deba060c31feb201dc7d9572e8abdf\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-5ovics-f2deba060c31feb201dc7d9572e8abdf .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-5ovics-f2deba060c31feb201dc7d9572e8abdf '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1788","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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