{"id":1814,"date":"2021-10-25T03:53:49","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:53:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1814"},"modified":"2022-05-09T16:19:47","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T16:19:47","slug":"caci-3400-horizontal-and-vertical-restraints-use-for-direct-competitors-price-fixing-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3400-horizontal-and-vertical-restraints-use-for-direct-competitors-price-fixing-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3400 Horizontal and Vertical Restraints (Use for Direct Competitors)\u2014Price Fixing\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv0vzllo-64a699ee08693fd2a518616e3ea3b739\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv0vzllo-64a699ee08693fd2a518616e3ea3b739{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kv0vzllo-64a699ee08693fd2a518616e3ea3b739 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kv0vzllo-64a699ee08693fd2a518616e3ea3b739 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kv0vzllo-64a699ee08693fd2a518616e3ea3b739 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3400 Horizontal and Vertical Restraints (Use for Direct Competitors)\u2014Price Fixing\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  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class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-oxghy-d2a2c811878f375ecff4a0befb34f4e8 hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv0w0s4v-7e30db638c4bdcf33df5bfe69ac7a27c\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kv0w0s4v-7e30db638c4bdcf33df5bfe69ac7a27c .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv0w0s4v-7e30db638c4bdcf33df5bfe69ac7a27c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3400\u00a0Horizontal and Vertical Restraints (Use for Direct Competitors)\u2014Price Fixing\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was involved in price fixing. Price fixing is an agreement to set, raise, lower, maintain, or stabilize the prices or other terms of trade charged or to be charged for a product or service, whether the prices agreed on were high or low, reasonable or unreasonable. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [and [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name(s) of alleged coparticipant(s)<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] agreed to fix [or] [set\/raise\/lower\/maintain\/stabilize] prices [or other terms of trade] charged or to be charged for [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">product\/service<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction is intended to apply to both actual and potential competitors. For cases involving vertical restraints, use this instruction but see additional special vertical restraint instructions contained in this series (CACI No. 3409,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Vertical Restraints\u2014Termination of Reseller<\/span>, and\u00a0CACI No. 3410,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Vertical Restraints\u2014Agreement Between Seller and Reseller\u2019s Competitor<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>In addition to price, price fixing includes any combination that \u201ctampers with price structures.\u201d Like its federal counterpart, the Cartwright Act would seem to prohibit combinations that fix aspects of price such as costs, discounts, credits, financing, warranty, and delivery terms. Therefore, if this case concerns the fixing of an aspect of price, other than price itself, this instruction and those that are related to it should be adapted accordingly. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Trusts Unlawful and Void.\u00a0Business and Professions Code section 16726.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTrust\u201d Defined.\u00a0Business and Professions Code section 16720.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Private Right of Action for Antitrust Violations.\u00a0Business and Professions Code section 16750(a).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018\u2009\u201cTo state a cause of action for conspiracy, the complaint must allege (1) the formation and operation of the conspiracy, (2) the wrongful act or acts done pursuant thereto, and (3) the damage resulting from such act or acts.\u201d\u2009\u2019 Thus, the Supreme Court applied the pleading requirements for a civil conspiracy action under common law to a statutory action under the Cartwright Act for antitrust conspiracies.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cellular Plus, Inc. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 1224, 1236 [18 Cal.Rptr.2d 308], quoting\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Chicago Title Insurance Co. v. Great Western Financial Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1968) 69 Cal.2d 305, 316 [70 Cal.Rptr. 849, 444 P.2d 481].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA complaint for unlawful price fixing must allege facts demonstrating that separate entities conspired together. Only separate entities pursuing separate economic interests can conspire within the proscription of the antitrust laws against price fixing combinations.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Freeman v. San Diego Assn. of Realtors<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 77 Cal.App.4th 171, 188\u2013189 [91 Cal.Rptr.2d 534], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe Cartwright Act prohibits every trust, defined as \u2018a combination of capital, skill or acts by two or more persons\u2019 for specified anticompetitive purposes. The federal Sherman Act prohibits every \u2018contract, combination \u2026 or conspiracy, in restraint of trade.\u2019 The similar language of the two acts reflects their common objective to protect and promote competition. Since the Cartwright Act and the federal Sherman Act share similar language and objectives, California courts often look to federal precedents under the Sherman Act for guidance.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Chavez v. Whirlpool Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 363, 369 [113 Cal.Rptr.2d 175], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe Cartwright Act, like the Sherman Act, prohibits \u2018combinations\u2019 for the purpose of restraining trade. \u2018[A] combination means a concert of action by individuals or entities maintaining separate and independent interests.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Roth v. Rhodes<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 530, 543 [30 Cal.Rptr.2d 706], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTwo forms of conspiracy may be used to establish a violation of the antitrust laws: a horizontal restraint, consisting of a collaboration among competitors; or a vertical restraint, based upon an agreement between business entities occupying different levels of the marketing chain.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">G.H.I.I. v. MTS, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 256, 267 [195 Cal.Rptr. 211], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Horizontal combinations are cartels or agreements among competitors which restrain competition among enterprises at the same level of distribution. They are ordinarily illegal per se. Vertical restraints are imposed by persons or firms further up the chain of distribution of a specific product (or in rare cases, further down the chain) than the enterprise restrained. Vertical non-price restraints are tested under the rule of reason; that is, the plaintiff must prove that the restraint had an anticompetitive effect in the relevant market in order to prevail.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Exxon Corp. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 51 Cal.App.4th 1672, 1680\u20131681 [60 Cal.Rptr.2d 195], internal citations and footnote omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn general, a Cartwright Act price fixing complaint must allege specific facts in addition to stating the purpose or effect of the price fixing agreement and that the accused was a member of or acted pursuant to the price fixing agreement.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cellular Plus, Inc., supra<\/span>, 14 Cal.App.4th at p. 1237.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]hile some sort of concerted activity is necessary for an antitrust claim, it is well settled that an explicit or formal agreement is not required.\u2009\u2026 [A]ll that is required from an antitrust plaintiff is \u2018\u2009\u201cdirect or circumstantial evidence that reasonably tends to prove that the [defendant] and others \u2018had a conscious commitment to a common scheme designed to achieve an unlawful objective.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">In re Automobile Antitrust Cases I &amp; II<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 127, 152\u2013153 [204 Cal.Rptr.3d 330].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] conspiracy among competitors to restrict output and\/or raise prices [is] unlawful per se without regard to any of its effects\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 851 [107 Cal.Rptr.2d 841, 24 P.3d 493].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Among the practices which the courts have heretofore deemed to be unlawful in and of themselves are price fixing, division of markets, group boycotts, and tying arrangements.\u2019\u2009\u2018The \u201cper se\u201d doctrine means that a particular practice and the setting in which it occurs is sufficient to compel the conclusion that competition is unreasonably restrained and the practice is consequently illegal.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oakland-Alameda County Builders\u2019 Exchange v. F. P. Lathrop Construction Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1971) 4 Cal.3d 354, 361\u2013362 [93 Cal.Rptr. 602, 482 P.2d 226], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt has long been settled that an agreement to fix prices is unlawful per se. It is no excuse that the prices fixed are themselves reasonable.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Catalano Inc. v. Target Sales, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1980) 446 U.S. 643, 647 [100 S.Ct. 1925, 64 L.Ed.2d 580].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder both California and federal law, agreements fixing or tampering with prices are illegal per se.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Oakland-Alameda County Builders\u2019 Exchange, supra<\/span>, 4 Cal.3d at p. 363.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThese rules apply whether the price-fixing scheme is horizontal or vertical; that is, whether the price is fixed among competitors or businesses at different economic levels.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mailand v. Burckle<\/span>\u00a0(1978) 20 Cal.3d 367, 377 [143 Cal.Rptr. 1, 572 P.2d 1142], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder the authorities \u2026 the agreement between plaintiffs and defendants and between defendants and Powerine were unlawful per se. It is, therefore, not necessary to inquire whether these arrangements had an actual anticompetitive effect.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mailand, supra<\/span>, 20 Cal.3d at p. 380.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe alleged antitrust violation need not be the sole or controlling cause of the injury in order to establish proximate cause, but only need be a substantial factor in bringing about the injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Saxer v. Philip Morris, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1975) 54 Cal.App.3d 7, 23 [126 Cal.Rptr. 327], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe plaintiff in a Cartwright Act proceeding must show that an antitrust violation was the proximate cause of his injuries. The frequently stated \u2018standing to sue\u2019 requirement is merely a rule that an action for violation of the antitrust laws may be maintained only by a party within the \u2018target area\u2019 of the antitrust violation, and not by one incidentally injured thereby. An \u2018antitrust injury\u2019 must be proved; that is, the type of injury the antitrust laws were intended to prevent, and which flows from the invidious conduct which renders defendants\u2019 acts unlawful. Finally, a plaintiff must show an injury within the area of the economy that is endangered by a breakdown of competitive conditions.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kolling v. Dow Jones &amp; Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 709, 723\u2013724 [187 Cal.Rptr. 797], internal citations and footnote omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe acknowledge that a plaintiff \u2026 must often rely on inference rather than evidence since, usually, unlawful conspiracy is conceived in secrecy and lives its life in the shadows. But, when he does so, he must all the same rely on an inference implying unlawful conspiracy\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">more likely than<\/span>\u00a0permissible competition, either in itself or together with other inferences or evidence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Aguilar, supra<\/span>, 25 Cal.4th at p. 857, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe exact parameters of \u2018antitrust injury\u2019 under section 16750 have not yet been established through either court decisions or legislation.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cellular Plus, Inc., supra<\/span>, 14 Cal.App.4th at p. 1234.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cShould an antitrust conspirator be permitted to raise as a defense that the direct purchaser passed on some or all of the overcharge to indirect purchasers downstream in the chain of distribution? [\u00b6\u00b6] We conclude that under the Cartwright Act, as under federal law, generally no pass-on defense is permitted.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Clayworth v. Pfizer, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 49 Cal.4th 758, 763 [111 Cal.Rptr.3d 666, 233 P.3d 1066].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>1 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Contracts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009602\u2013621<\/div>\n<div>6 Antitrust Laws and Trade Regulation, Ch. 105,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">California<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009105.02[1] (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>3 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 40,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fraud and Deceit and Other Business Torts<\/span>, \u00a7\u200940.168[2]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>49\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 565,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Unfair Competition<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009565.77[2]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1\u00a0Matthew Bender Practice Guide: California Unfair Competition and Business Torts, Ch. 1,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Elements of Unfair Competition and Business Torts Causes of Action<\/span>, 1.05[4][a],\u00a0Ch. 5,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Antitrust<\/span>, 5.04,\u00a05.08,\u00a05.09[1],\u00a05.12<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-68voau-65b02bc9e6ea7e662d5d4c528bf14d82\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-68voau-65b02bc9e6ea7e662d5d4c528bf14d82 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-68voau-65b02bc9e6ea7e662d5d4c528bf14d82 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1814","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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