{"id":1845,"date":"2021-10-25T03:54:05","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:54:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1845"},"modified":"2022-05-09T16:32:03","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T16:32:03","slug":"caci-3420-tying-real-estate-products-or-services-essential-factual-elements-bus-prof-code-%c2%a7-16720","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3420-tying-real-estate-products-or-services-essential-factual-elements-bus-prof-code-%c2%a7-16720\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3420 Tying\u2014Real Estate, Products, or Services\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Bus. &#038; Prof. Code, \u00a7\u200916720)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv14pu41-fbf50c848e6549951291c2fb09792140\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv14pu41-fbf50c848e6549951291c2fb09792140{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kv14pu41-fbf50c848e6549951291c2fb09792140 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kv14pu41-fbf50c848e6549951291c2fb09792140 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kv14pu41-fbf50c848e6549951291c2fb09792140 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3420 Tying\u2014Real Estate, Products, or Services\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Bus. <span class='special_amp'>&amp;<\/span> Prof. Code, \u00a7\u200916720)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 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type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv14rafw-2ab226d7fc9588d7060b96b09b7d946d\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kv14rafw-2ab226d7fc9588d7060b96b09b7d946d .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv14rafw-2ab226d7fc9588d7060b96b09b7d946d '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3420\u00a0Tying\u2014Real Estate, Products, or Services\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Bus. &amp; Prof. Code, \u00a7\u200916720)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that there is an unlawful tying arrangement in which [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify the particular real estate, product, or services<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is the tying product and [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify the particular real estate, product, or services<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is the tied product. A \u201ctying arrangement\u201d is the sale of one product, called the \u201ctying product,\u201d in which the buyer is required or coerced to also purchase a different, separate product, called the \u201ctied product.\u201d For example, if a supermarket sells flour only if its customers also buy sugar, that supermarket would be engaged in tying. Flour would be the tying product and sugar the tied product.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">To establish this claim against [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">tying item<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] and [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">tied item<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] are separate and distinct;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] will sell [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">tying item<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] only if the buyer also purchases [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">tied item<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], or that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] sold [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">tying item<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] and required or otherwise coerced buyers to [also purchase [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">tied item<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] [agree not to purchase [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">tied item<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] from any other supplier];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has sufficient economic power in the market for [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">tying item<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to coerce at least some buyers of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">tying item<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] into [purchasing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">tied item<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] [agreeing not to purchase [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">tied item<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] from a competitor of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the conduct involves a substantial amount of sales, in terms of the total dollar value of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">tied item<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">6.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised October 2008 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction is written for claims brought under\u00a0Business and Professions Code section 16720. A claim under this section may involve products, land, or services as the tying item and products, land, or services as the tied item. Section 16720 applies a stricter test for unlawful tying than does\u00a0Business and Professions Code section 16727. (See\u00a0CACI No. 3421,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tying\u2014Products or Services\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>.) Therefore, if products are the tying item and products or services the tied item,\u00a0CACI No. 3421\u00a0should be used instead.<\/p>\n<p>The example given in the instruction involving flour and sugar was used in two federal cases,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Northern Pacific Railway Co. v. United States<\/span>\u00a0(1958) 356 U.S. 1, 5\u20136 [78 S.Ct. 514, 2 L.Ed.2d 545]\u00a0and\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jefferson Parish Hospital District No. 2 v. Hyde<\/span>\u00a0(1984) 466 U.S. 2, 12 [104 S.Ct. 1551, 80 L.Ed.2d 2], but also can help explain the Cartwright Act. The terms \u201cproduct,\u201d \u201csell,\u201d and \u201cpurchase\u201d used in this instruction may need to be modified to reflect the facts of the particular case, since tying arrangements challenged under\u00a0Business and Professions Code section 16720\u00a0may involve services, real property, intangibles, leases, licenses, and the like.<\/p>\n<p>An unlawful tying arrangement may also be shown if the buyer agrees not to purchase the tied product or service from any other supplier as a condition of obtaining the tying product. If the tying claim involves such a \u201ctie-out\u201d agreement, select the appropriate options in elements 2 and 3.<\/p>\n<p>If the \u201ctying product\u201d is land and the \u201ctied product\u201d is a service or a commodity, logic suggests that the first element, i.e., their distinctness, is beyond dispute and that including this element may create confusion. In such a case, the court may recite this element and then advise the jury that it has been established by the plaintiff or is undisputed by the defendant. The word \u201cparcels,\u201d \u201clots,\u201d or similar terms should be used if both items are land, as in these cases the separateness of the tying and tied land could be in dispute. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTrust\u201d Defined.\u00a0Business and Professions Code section 16720.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt is unlawful under California\u2019s Cartwright Act, as relevant here, for a seller to use its market power in one market to force or coerce a buyer to purchase its product or service in a distinct market in which the seller does not have such market power or to refrain from buying from the seller\u2019s competitor. The result of such coercion is called a tying arrangement, in which the market controlled by the seller consists of sales of the \u2018tying\u2019 product or service, and the market over which derivative power is exercised consists of sales of the \u2018tied\u2019 product or service. Where such an arrangement is found, it is illegal per se; that is, the seller\u2019s justifications for the arrangement are not measured by a rule of reasonableness.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">UAS Management, Inc. v. Mater Misericordiae Hospital<\/span>\u00a0(2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 357, 368\u2013369 [87 Cal.Rptr.3d 81].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAntitrust laws against tying arrangements seek to eradicate the evils that (1) competitors are denied free access to the market for the tied product not because the seller imposing the tying requirement has a better or less expensive tied product, but because of the seller\u2019s power or leverage in the market for the tying product; and (2) buyers are forced to forego their free choice between competing tied products. Tying arrangements are illegal per se \u2018whenever a party has sufficient economic power with respect to the tying product to appreciably restrain free competition in the market for the tied product\u2019 and when \u2018a total amount of business, substantial enough in terms of dollar-volume so as not to be merely de minimis, is foreclosed to competitors by the tie.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Freeman v. San Diego Assn. of Realtors<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 77 Cal.App.4th 171, 184 [91 Cal.Rptr.2d 534], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cEven when not per se illegal, a tying arrangement violates the Cartwright Act if it unreasonably restrains trade.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Morrison v. Viacom, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 1514, 1524 [61 Cal.Rptr.2d 544], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe threshold element for a tying claim is the existence of separate products or services in separate markets. Absent separate products in separate markets, the alleged tying and tied products are in reality a single product.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Freeman, supra,<\/span>\u00a077 Cal.App.4th at p. 184, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cPlaintiff alleged the conspiratorial agreement among defendants constituted an illegal tying arrangement per se pursuant to\u00a0Business and Professions Code section 16720. \u2018The elements of a per se tying arrangement violative of section 16720 are: \u201c(1) a tying agreement, arrangement or condition existed whereby the sale of the tying product was linked to the sale of the tied product or service; (2) the party had sufficient economic power in the tying market to coerce the purchase of the tied product; (3) a substantial amount of sale was affected in the tied product; and (4) the complaining party sustained pecuniary loss as a consequence of the unlawful act.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">SC Manufactured Homes, Inc. v. Liebert<\/span>\u00a0(2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 68, 86 [76 Cal.Rptr.3d 73], footnotes and internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018\u2009\u201c[T]ying agreements serve hardly any purpose beyond the suppression of competition.\u201d They deny competitors free access to the market for the tied product, not because the party imposing the tying requirements has a better product or a lower price but because of his power or leverage in another market. At the same time buyers are forced to forego their free choice between competing products. For these reasons \u201ctying agreements fare harshly under the laws forbidding restraints of trade.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Suburban Mobile Homes v. AMFAC Communities<\/span>\u00a0(1980) 101 Cal.App.3d 532, 542 [161 Cal.Rptr. 811], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he burden of proving an illegal tying arrangement differs somewhat under section 16720 and section 16727. Under section 16727 the plaintiff must establish that the tie-in substantially lessens competition. This standard is met if either the seller enjoys sufficient economic power in the tying product to appreciably restrain competition in the tied product or if a not insubstantial volume of commerce in the tied product is restrained. Under section 16720 standard, both conditions must be met.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Suburban Mobile Homes, supra,<\/span>\u00a0101 Cal.App.3d at p. 549, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe alleged antitrust violation need not be the sole or controlling cause of the injury in order to establish proximate cause, but only need be a substantial factor in bringing about the injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Saxer v. Philip Morris, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1975) 54 Cal.App.3d 7, 23 [126 Cal.Rptr. 327], internal citation omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>1 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Contracts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009602\u2013621<\/div>\n<div>6 Antitrust Laws and Trade Regulation, Ch. 105,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">California<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009105.04 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>3 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 40,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fraud and Deceit and Other Business Torts<\/span>, \u00a7\u200940.168[4]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>49\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 565,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Unfair Competition<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009565.77\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1\u00a0Matthew Bender Practice Guide: California Unfair Competition and Business Torts, Ch. 5,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Antitrust<\/span>, 5.09[4],\u00a05.15,\u00a05.81,\u00a05.82<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7axx11-1ff5ba2036d0399f203726228f4e225e hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-586ilh-d03c6c929dc414a4def0451792203546\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-586ilh-d03c6c929dc414a4def0451792203546 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-586ilh-d03c6c929dc414a4def0451792203546 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1845","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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