{"id":1924,"date":"2021-10-25T03:55:30","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:55:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1924"},"modified":"2022-05-09T18:30:36","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T18:30:36","slug":"caci-3935-prejudgment-interest-civ-code-%c2%a7-3288","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3935-prejudgment-interest-civ-code-%c2%a7-3288\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3935 Prejudgment Interest (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20093288)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv28ay0c-68457786ebc2debe3d3a998cca1c9b62\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv28ay0c-68457786ebc2debe3d3a998cca1c9b62{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kv28ay0c-68457786ebc2debe3d3a998cca1c9b62 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kv28ay0c-68457786ebc2debe3d3a998cca1c9b62 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kv28ay0c-68457786ebc2debe3d3a998cca1c9b62 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3935 Prejudgment Interest (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20093288)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv28c4sn-ccb0f54ab653b3ecb46d5f87c6645861\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kv28c4sn-ccb0f54ab653b3ecb46d5f87c6645861 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv28c4sn-ccb0f54ab653b3ecb46d5f87c6645861 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3935\u00a0Prejudgment Interest (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20093288)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">If you decide that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is entitled to recover damages for past economic loss in one or more of the categories of damages that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/it] claims, then you must decide whether [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/it] should also receive prejudgment interest on each item of loss in those categories. Prejudgment interest is the amount of interest the law provides to a plaintiff to compensate for the loss of the ability to use the funds. If prejudgment interest is awarded, it is computed from the date on which each loss was incurred until the date on which you sign your verdict.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] should receive an award of prejudgment interest on all, some, or none of any past economic damages that you may award is within your discretion. If you award these damages to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], you will be asked to address prejudgment interest in the special verdict form. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New December 2016 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Give this instruction if the court determines that the jury may award prejudgment interest. In an action for the breach of an obligation not arising from contract, and in every case of oppression, fraud, or malice, interest may be given, in the discretion of the jury. (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20093288.) The statute allows the jury to award prejudgment interest on any claim within its scope. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bullis v. Security Pac. Nat\u2019l Bank<\/span>\u00a0(1978) 21 Cal.3d 801, 814 [148 Cal.Rptr. 22, 582 P.2d 109].) The special verdict form may need to be augmented for the jury to make any factual findings that are required in order to calculate the amount of prejudgment interest.<\/p>\n<p>The role of the jury in awarding prejudgment interest is not clear from\u00a0Civil Code section 3288. This instruction assumes that the court exercises a gatekeeper function of deciding whether the case is one to which the statute applies. The jury does not select the interest rate, which is seven percent as a matter of law. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Michelson v. Hamada<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1566, 1585 [36 Cal.Rptr.2d 343].)<\/p>\n<p>It is settled that prejudgment interest cannot be awarded on damages for the intangible, noneconomic aspects of mental and emotional injury because they are inherently nonpecuniary, unliquidated, and not readily subject to precise calculation. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Greater Westchester Homeowners Assn v. L.A<\/span>. (1979) 26 Cal.3d 86, 102\u2013103 [160 Cal.Rptr.733, 603 P.2d 1329].) This instruction assumes that implicit in the reasoning for denying prejudgment interest for noneconomic damages is authorization to award it on all past economic damages, as these amounts are pecuniary and subject to more precise calculation. This instruction should not be given unless damages of this nature are claimed.<\/p>\n<p>Since the statute is permissive, the jury has the discretion to deny prejudgment interest, even if it might otherwise be authorized. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">King v. Southern Pacific Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1895) 109 Cal. 96, 99 [41 P. 786]\u00a0[error to instruct jury that it must add prejudgment interest to award of damages].)<\/p>\n<p>Whether interest may be compounded is also not resolved. (Compare\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Douglas v. Westfall<\/span>\u00a0(1952) 113 Cal.App.2d 107, 112 [248 P.2d 68]\u00a0[trustee cannot be charged with compound interest unless s\/he has been guilty of some positive misconduct or willful violation of duty; in cases of mere negligence, no more than simple interest can properly be added] and\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">State v. Day<\/span>\u00a0(1946) 76 Cal.App.2d 536, 554 [173 P.2d 399]\u00a0[general rule is that interest may not be computed on accrued interest unless by special statutory provision, or by stipulation of the parties] with\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Michelson, supra,<\/span>\u00a029 Cal.App.4th at p. 1588\u00a0[jury is vested with discretion to award prejudgment interest under section 3288, including compound interest] and\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">McNulty v. Copp<\/span>\u00a0(1954) 125 Cal.App.2d 697, 712 [271 P.2d 90]\u00a0[compound interest is properly allowed on a claim for wrongful and fraudulent detention of personalty].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Interest on Obligation Not Arising From Contract.\u00a0Civil Code section 3288.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder\u00a0Civil Code section 3288, the trier of fact may award prejudgment interest \u2018[in] an action for the breach of an obligation not arising from contract,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">and<\/span>\u00a0in every case of oppression, fraud, or malice\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u2019 \u201c\u2009(<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bullis, supra<\/span>, 21 Cal.3d at p. 814, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[U]nlike\u00a0Civil Code section 3287, which relates to liquidated and contractual claims, section 3288 permits discretionary prejudgment interest for unliquidated tort claims.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Greater Westchester Homeowners Assn, supra,<\/span>\u00a026 Cal.3d at p. 102.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cConceptually, prejudgment interest is an element of damages, not a cost of litigation.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Watson Bowman Acme Corp. v. RGW Construction, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 279, 293 [206 Cal.Rptr.3d 281].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bullis<\/span>, we characterized prejudgment interest as \u2018awarded to compensate a party for the loss of his or her property.\u2019 The award of such interest represents the accretion of wealth which money or particular property could have produced during a period of loss. Using recognized and established techniques a fact finder can usually compute with fair accuracy the interest on a specific sum of money, or on property subject to specific valuation. Furthermore, the date of loss of the property is usually ascertainable, thus permitting an accurate interest computation.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Greater Westchester Homeowners Assn, supra,<\/span>\u00a026 Cal.3d at pp. 102\u2013103, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe award of [prejudgment] interest represents the accretion of wealth which money or particular property could have produced during a period of loss.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Canavin v. Pac. Southwest Airlines<\/span>\u00a0(1983)148 Cal.App.3d 512, 525 [196 Cal.Rptr. 82].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cHowever, damages for the intangible, noneconomic aspects of mental and emotional injury are of a different nature. They are inherently nonpecuniary, unliquidated and not readily subject to precise calculation. The amount of such damages is necessarily left to the subjective discretion of the trier of fact. Retroactive interest on such damages adds uncertain conjecture to speculation. Moreover where, as here, the injury was of a continuing nature, it is particularly difficult to determine when any particular increment of intangible loss arose. Acknowledging the problem, the trial court arbitrarily resorted to an \u2018averaging\u2019 method applied to both the amount and duration of the loss. In our view this process was impermissibly speculative.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Greater Westchester Homeowners Assn, supra,<\/span>\u00a026 Cal.3d at p. 103.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe amount of damages awarded in a wrongful death case designed to compensate these noneconomic losses are akin to those awarded for pain and suffering and emotional distress in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Greater Westchester<\/span>\u00a0and do not support prejudgment interest. However, plaintiffs are entitled to prejudgment interest on those damages attributable to an ascertainable economic value, such as loss of household services or earning capacity, as well as funeral and related expenses. \u2018[It] is important to underscore that [an] award is invalid only to the extent it represents interest on \u201cthe intangible noneconomic aspects of mental and emotional injury\u201d claimed by plaintiffs. [Citation.] If plaintiffs allege specific damage that is supported by tangible evidence, prejudgment interest may properly be awarded under\u00a0Civil Code section 3288.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Canavin, supra<\/span>, 148 Cal.App.3d at p. 527, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhether the proper interest rate was applied is a question of law. There is no legislative act specifying the rate of prejudgment interest for a fraud claim, and therefore the constitutional rate of 7 percent applies\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Michelson, supra<\/span>, 29 Cal.App.4th at p. 1585.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSection 3288 \u2026 allows interest from date of monetary loss at the discretion of the trier of fact even if the damages are unliquidated.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Stein v. Southern Cal. Edison Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1992) 7 Cal.App.4th 565, 572 [8 Cal.Rptr.2d 907].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]his action lies in tort and it is the generally accepted view that [prejudgment] interest cannot be awarded on damages for personal injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Curtis v. State of California ex rel. Dept. of Transportation<\/span>\u00a0(1982) 128 Cal.App.3d 668, 686 [180 Cal.Rptr. 843].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091818, 1821, 1822<\/div>\n<div>4 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 50,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Damages<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200950.51,\u00a050.52\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>15\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 177,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Damages<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009177.53\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>12\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 121,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Interest<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009121.33,\u00a0121.54\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-731a6c-a0bd83a0295ace593d7404dbac563cee hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-59alk4-d8e042616bb6485805ba20aa613a50a9\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-59alk4-d8e042616bb6485805ba20aa613a50a9 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-59alk4-d8e042616bb6485805ba20aa613a50a9 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1924","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CACI 3935 Prejudgment Interest (Civ. 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