{"id":1930,"date":"2021-10-25T03:55:14","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:55:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1930"},"modified":"2022-05-09T18:17:49","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T18:17:49","slug":"caci-3921-wrongful-death-death-of-an-adult","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3921-wrongful-death-death-of-an-adult\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3921 Wrongful Death (Death of an Adult)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv274yb2-c374a89a17c2f950a3706e76b1bbe14e\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv274yb2-c374a89a17c2f950a3706e76b1bbe14e{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kv274yb2-c374a89a17c2f950a3706e76b1bbe14e .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kv274yb2-c374a89a17c2f950a3706e76b1bbe14e .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kv274yb2-c374a89a17c2f950a3706e76b1bbe14e av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3921 Wrongful Death (Death of an Adult)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv276hm2-bd71ed4c5c65fb63f8882c972096f736\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kv276hm2-bd71ed4c5c65fb63f8882c972096f736 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv276hm2-bd71ed4c5c65fb63f8882c972096f736 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3921\u00a0Wrongful Death (Death of an Adult)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">If you decide that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has proved [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claim against [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] for the death of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], you also must decide how much money will reasonably compensate [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] for the death of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. This compensation is called \u201cdamages.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] does not have to prove the exact amount of these damages. However, you must not speculate or guess in awarding damages.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The damages claimed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] fall into two categories called economic damages and noneconomic damages. You will be asked to state the two categories of damages separately on the verdict form.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims the following economic damages:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The financial support, if any, that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] would have contributed to the family during either the life expectancy that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had before [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] death or the life expectancy of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], whichever is shorter;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The loss of gifts or benefits that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] would have expected to receive from [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Funeral and burial expenses; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The reasonable value of household services that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] would have provided.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Your award of any future economic damages must be reduced to present cash value.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] also claims the following noneconomic damages:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The loss of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s love, companionship, comfort, care, assistance, protection, affection, society, moral support[; [and]\/.]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The loss of the enjoyment of sexual relations[; [and]\/.]]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The loss of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s training and guidance.]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">No fixed standard exists for deciding the amount of noneconomic damages. You must use your judgment to decide a reasonable amount based on the evidence and your common sense.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[For these noneconomic damages, determine the amount in current dollars paid at the time of judgment that will compensate [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] for those damages. This amount of noneconomic damages should not be further reduced to present cash value because that reduction should only be performed with respect to future economic damages.]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">In determining [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s loss, do not consider:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s grief, sorrow, or mental anguish;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of decedent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s pain and suffering; or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The poverty or wealth of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">In deciding a person\u2019s life expectancy, you may consider, among other factors, the average life expectancy of a person of that age, as well as that person\u2019s health, habits, activities, lifestyle, and occupation. According to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert source of information<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], the average life expectancy of a [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert number<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]-year-old [male\/female] is [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert number<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] years, and the average life expectancy of a [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert number<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]-year-old [male\/female] is [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert number<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] years. This published information is evidence of how long a person is likely to live but is not conclusive. Some people live longer and others die sooner.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[In computing these damages, consider the losses suffered by all plaintiffs and return a verdict of a single amount for all plaintiffs. I will divide the amount [among\/between] the plaintiffs.] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised December 2005, February 2007, April 2008, December 2009, June 2011, December 2013, May 2020 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>If the decedent recovered damages for lost earning capacity in the decedent\u2019s lifetime, an heir\u2019s recovery for lost financial support (economic damages item 1) is to be measured by the decedent\u2019s physical condition at the time of death. There is no similar limitation on recovery for loss of consortium (noneconomic damages item 1). (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boeken v. Philip Morris USA Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 992, 997\u20131000 [159 Cal.Rptr.3d 195]; see\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Blackwell v. American Film Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1922) 189 Cal. 689, 694 [209 P. 999].)<\/p>\n<p>One of the life-expectancy subjects in the second sentence of the second-to-last paragraph should be the decedent, and the other should be the plaintiff. This definition is intended to apply to the element of damages pertaining to the financial support that the decedent would have provided to the plaintiff.<\/p>\n<p>Use of the life tables in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Vital Statistics of the United States<\/span>, published by the National Center for Health Statistics, is recommended. (See Life Expectancy Table\u2014Male and Life Expectancy Table\u2014Female, following the Damages series.) The first column shows the age interval between the two exact ages indicated. For example, 50\u201351 means the one-year interval between the fiftieth and fifty-first birthdays.<\/p>\n<p>For an instruction, worksheets, and tables for use in reducing future economic damages to present value, see\u00a0CACI No. 3904B,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Use of Present-Value Tables<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>The paragraph concerning not reducing noneconomic damages to present cash value is bracketed because the law is not completely clear. It has been held that all damages, pecuniary and nonpecuniary, must be reduced to present value. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fox v. Pacific Southwest Airlines<\/span>\u00a0(1982) 133 Cal.App.3d 565, 569 [184 Cal.Rptr. 87]; cf.\u00a0Restat.2d of Torts, \u00a7\u2009913A\u00a0[future\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">pecuniary<\/span>\u00a0losses must be reduced to present value].) The view of the court in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fox<\/span>\u00a0was that damages for lost value of society, comfort, care, protection and companionship must be monetarily quantified, and thus become pecuniary and subject to reduction to present value. However, the California Supreme Court subsequently held that with regard to future pain and suffering, the amount that the jury is to award should already encompass the idea of today\u2019s dollars for tomorrow\u2019s loss (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Salgado v. County of L.A.<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 19 Cal.4th 629, 646\u2013647 [80 Cal.Rptr.2d 46, 967 P.2d 585]), so there is no further reduction to present value. (See\u00a0CACI No. 3904A,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Present Cash Value<\/span>, and\u00a0CACI No. 3904B,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Use of Present-Value Tables<\/span>.) While it seems probable that\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Salgado<\/span>\u00a0should apply to wrongful death actions, no court has expressly so held.<\/p>\n<p>Assuming that\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Salgado<\/span>\u00a0applies to wrongful death, this paragraph is important to ensure that the jury does not apply any tables and worksheets provided to reduce future economic damages to present value (see\u00a0CACI No. 3904B) to the noneconomic damages also. Note that because only future economic damages are to be reduced to present value, the jury must find separate amounts for economic and noneconomic damages and for past and present economic damages. (See\u00a0CACI No. VF-3905,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Damages for Wrongful Death (Death of an Adult)<\/span>.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Cause of Action for Wrongful Death.\u00a0Code of Civil Procedure section 377.60.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Damages for Wrongful Death.\u00a0Code of Civil Procedure section 377.61.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cGenerally, wrongful death claims are legally distinct from claims for personal injury and loss of consortium. \u2018A cause of action for wrongful death is a statutory claim that compensates specified heirs of the decedent for losses suffered as a result of a decedent\u2019s death.\u2019 Although each heir has a \u2018personal and separate\u2019 claim, the wrongful death statutes ordinarily require joint litigation of the heirs\u2019 claims in order to prevent a series of suits against the tortfeasor. However, that requirement does not deprive a court of subject matter jurisdiction to try a wrongful death action when an heir fails to participate in the action.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">LAOSD Asbestos Cases<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 28 Cal.App.5th 862, 872 [240 Cal.Rptr.3d 1], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA cause of action for wrongful death is purely statutory in nature, and therefore \u2018exists only so far and in favor of such person as the legislative power may declare.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Barrett v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 1176, 1184 [272 Cal.Rptr. 304], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThere are three distinct public policy considerations involved in the legislative creation of a cause of action for wrongful death: \u2018(1) compensation for survivors, (2) deterrence of conduct and (3) limitation, or lack thereof, upon the damages recoverable.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Barrett, supra,<\/span>\u00a0222 Cal.App.3d at p. 1185, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe elements of the cause of action for wrongful death are the tort (negligence or other wrongful act), the resulting death, and the damages, consisting of the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">pecuniary loss<\/span>\u00a0suffered by the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">heirs<\/span>.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lattimore v. Dickey<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 959, 968 [191 Cal.Rptr.3d 766], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[W]rongful act\u2019 as used in section 377 means any kind of tortious act, including the tortious act of placing defective products into the stream of commerce.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Barrett, supra,<\/span>\u00a0222 Cal.App.3d at p. 1191.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn any action for wrongful death resulting from negligence, the complaint must contain allegations as to all the elements of actionable negligence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Novak v. Continental Tire North America<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 189, 195 [231 Cal.Rptr.3d 324].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder\u00a0Code of Civil Procedure section 377.61, damages for wrongful death \u201care measured by the financial benefits the heirs were receiving at the time of death, those reasonably to be expected in the future, and the monetary equivalent of loss of comfort, society, and protection.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boeken, supra,<\/span>\u00a0217 Cal.App.4th at p. 997.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThese benefits include the personal services, advice, and training the heirs would have received from the deceased, and the value of her society and companionship. \u2018The services of children, elderly parents, or nonworking spouses often do not result in measurable net income to the family unit, yet unquestionably the death of such a person represents a substantial \u201cinjury\u201d to the family for which just compensation should be paid.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Allen v. Toledo<\/span>\u00a0(1980) 109 Cal.App.3d 415, 423 [167 Cal.Rptr. 270], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018The pecuniary value of the society, comfort, and protection that is lost through the wrongful death of a spouse, parent, or child may be considerable in cases where, for instance, the decedent had demonstrated a \u201ckindly demeanor\u201d toward the statutory beneficiary and rendered assistance or \u201ckindly offices\u201d to that person. [Citation.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Soto v. BorgWarner Morse TEC Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 165, 198\u2212199 [191 Cal.Rptr.3d 263].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cFactors such as the closeness of a family unit, the depth of their love and affection, and the character of the decedent as kind, attentive, and loving are proper considerations for a jury assessing noneconomic damages\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Soto, supra,<\/span>\u00a0239 Cal.App.4th at p. 201.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCalifornia permits recovery in a child\u2019s wrongful death action for loss of a parent\u2019s consortium.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boeken, supra,<\/span>\u00a0217 Cal.App.4th at pp. 997\u2013998.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCode of Civil Procedure section 377\u00a0has long allowed the recovery of funeral expenses in California wrongful death actions.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Vander Lind v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1983) 146 Cal.App.3d 358, 364 [194 Cal.Rptr. 209].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhere, as here, decedent was a husband and father, a significant element of damages is the loss of financial benefits he was contributing to his family by way of support at the time of his death and that support reasonably expected in the future. The total future lost support must be reduced by appropriate formula to a present lump sum which, when invested to yield the highest rate of return consistent with reasonable security, will pay the equivalent of lost future benefits at the times, in the amounts and for the period such future benefits would have been received.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Canavin v. Pacific Southwest Airlines<\/span>\u00a0(1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 512, 520\u2013521 [196 Cal.Rptr. 82], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo avoid confusion regarding the jury\u2019s task in future cases, we conclude that when future noneconomic damages are sought, the jury should be instructed expressly that they are to assume that an award of future damages is a present value sum, i.e., they are to determine the amount\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">in current dollars paid at the time of judgment<\/span>\u00a0that will compensate a plaintiff for future pain and suffering. In the absence of such instruction, unless the record clearly establishes otherwise, awards of future damages will be considered to be stated in terms of their present or current value.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Salgado, supra,<\/span>\u00a019 Cal.4th at pp. 646\u2013647, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe California statutes and decisions \u2026 have been interpreted to bar the recovery of punitive damages in a wrongful death action.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tarasoff v. Regents of Univ. of Cal.<\/span>\u00a0(1976) 17 Cal.3d 425, 450 [131 Cal.Rptr. 14, 551 P.2d 334], internal citation omitted.) There is an exception to this rule for death by felony homicide for which the defendant has been convicted. (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20093294(d).)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCalifornia cases have uniformly held that damages for mental and emotional distress, including grief and sorrow, are not recoverable in a wrongful death action.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Krouse v. Graham<\/span>\u00a0(1977) 19 Cal.3d 59, 72 [137 Cal.Rptr. 863, 562 P.2d 1022], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] simple instruction excluding considerations of grief and sorrow in wrongful death actions will normally suffice.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Krouse, supra,<\/span>\u00a019 Cal.3d at p. 69.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he competing and conflicting interests of the respective heirs, the difficulty in ascertaining individual shares of lost economic support when dealing with minors, the lack of any reason under most circumstances to apportion the lump-sum award attributable to loss of monetary support where minors are involved, the irrelevance of the heirs\u2019 respective interests in that portion of the award pertaining to lost economic support in determining the aggregate award, and the more efficient nature of court proceedings without a jury, cumulatively establish apportionment by the court, rather than the jury, is consistent with the efficient administration of justice.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Canavin, supra,<\/span>\u00a0148 Cal.App.3d at pp. 535\u2013536.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]here all statutory plaintiffs, properly represented by legal counsel waive judicial apportionment, the trial court should instruct the jury to return separate verdicts unless the remaining considerations enumerated above mandate refusal.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Canavin, supra,<\/span>\u00a0148 Cal.App.3d at p. 536.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe note that the court instructed the jury that in determining pecuniary loss they should consider inter alia the age, state of health and respective life expectancies of the deceased and each plaintiff but should be concerned only with \u2018the shorter of the life expectancies, that of one of the plaintiffs or that of the deceased.\u2009\u2026\u2019 This was a correct statement of the law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Francis v. Sauve<\/span>\u00a0(1963) 222 Cal.App.2d 102, 120\u2013121 [34 Cal.Rptr. 754], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt is the shorter expectancy of life that is to be taken into consideration; for example; if, as in the case here, the expectancy of life of the parents is shorter than that of the son, the benefits to be considered are those only which might accrue during the life of the surviving parents.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Parsons v. Easton<\/span>\u00a0(1921) 184 Cal. 764, 770\u2013771 [195 P. 419], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe life expectancy of the deceased is a question of fact for the jury to decide, considering all relevant factors including the deceased\u2019s health, lifestyle and occupation. Life expectancy figures from mortality tables are admissible but are not conclusive.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Allen, supra,<\/span>\u00a0109 Cal.App.3d at p. 424, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAccordingly, the trial court in this case did not err in refusing [defendant]\u2019s two proposed jury instructions, and in denying its request to modify\u00a0CACI No. 3921, its motion for a directed verdict, its motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and its motion for a new trial, all of which were based on the erroneous ground that [plaintiff]\u2019s loss of consortium damages were to be measured from [decedent]\u2019s physical condition at the time of his death.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boeken, supra<\/span>, 217 Cal.App.4th at p. 1000.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091873\u20131880<\/div>\n<div>California Tort Damages (Cont.Ed.Bar 2d ed.) Wrongful Death, \u00a7\u00a7\u20093.1\u20133.58<\/div>\n<div>4 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 55,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Death and Survival Actions<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200955.10\u201355.13\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>15\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 177,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Damages<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009177.163\u2013177.167 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>6\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 64,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Damages: Tort<\/span>, \u00a7\u200964.25\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u00a7\u200923:8\u201323:8.2 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7boxbe-204e27828a7d978e3a7bd447e516b98f hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6f1ii2-10fc9add7f82d0076520b1f066206edc\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-6f1ii2-10fc9add7f82d0076520b1f066206edc .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-6f1ii2-10fc9add7f82d0076520b1f066206edc '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1930","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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