{"id":1948,"date":"2021-10-25T03:55:14","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:55:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1948"},"modified":"2022-05-09T18:16:52","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T18:16:52","slug":"caci-3920-loss-of-consortium-noneconomic-damage","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3920-loss-of-consortium-noneconomic-damage\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3920 Loss of Consortium (Noneconomic Damage)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv26kan1-0a9c06f632f0b3a78e7547397bcf8cab\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv26kan1-0a9c06f632f0b3a78e7547397bcf8cab{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kv26kan1-0a9c06f632f0b3a78e7547397bcf8cab .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kv26kan1-0a9c06f632f0b3a78e7547397bcf8cab .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kv26kan1-0a9c06f632f0b3a78e7547397bcf8cab av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3920 Loss of Consortium (Noneconomic Damage)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv26ll9q-f947c204d82c99dc8bc91bff79a32afa\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kv26ll9q-f947c204d82c99dc8bc91bff79a32afa .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv26ll9q-f947c204d82c99dc8bc91bff79a32afa '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3920\u00a0Loss of Consortium (Noneconomic Damage)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has been harmed by the injury to [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [husband\/wife]. If you decide that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of injured spouse<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has proved [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claim against [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], you also must decide how much money, if any, will reasonably compensate [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] for loss of [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [husband\/wife]\u2019s companionship and services, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The loss of love, companionship, comfort, care, assistance, protection, affection, society, and moral support; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The loss of the enjoyment of sexual relations [or the ability to have children].<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] may recover for harm [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has suffered to date and for harm [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is reasonably certain to suffer in the future.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">For future harm, determine the amount in current dollars paid at the time of judgment that will compensate [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] for that harm. This amount of noneconomic damages should not be further reduced to present cash value because that reduction should only be performed with respect to economic damages.]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">No fixed standard exists for deciding the amount of these damages. You must use your judgment to decide a reasonable amount based on the evidence and your common sense.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Do not include in your award any compensation for the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The loss of financial support from [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of injured spouse<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Personal services, such as nursing, that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has provided or will provide to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of injured spouse<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Any loss of earnings that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has suffered by giving up employment to take care of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of injured spouse<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]; or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The cost of obtaining domestic household services to replace services that would have been performed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of injured spouse<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised December 2010 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Loss of consortium is considered a noneconomic damages item under Proposition 51. (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20091431.2(b)(2).) Loss of future consortium is recoverable, including loss of consortium because of reduced life expectancy. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boeken v. Philip Morris USA, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 48 Cal.4th 788, 799\u2013800 [108 Cal.Rptr.3d 806, 230 P.3d 342].) In such a case, this instruction may need to be modified.<\/p>\n<p>Give the second and third paragraphs if recovery for loss of future consortium is sought. Future noneconomic damages should not be reduced to present value. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Salgado v. County of L.A.<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 19 Cal.4th 629, 646\u2013647 [80 Cal.Rptr.2d 46, 967 P.2d 585].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Noneconomic Damages for Loss of Consortium.\u00a0Civil Code section 1431.2(b)(2).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe \u2026 declare that in California each spouse has a cause of action for loss of consortium, as defined herein, caused by a negligent or intentional injury to the other spouse by a third party.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rodriguez v. Bethlehem Steel Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1974) 12 Cal.3d 382, 408 [115 Cal.Rptr. 765, 525 P.2d 669].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThere are four elements to a cause of action for loss of consortium: \u2018(1) a valid and lawful marriage between the plaintiff and the person injured at the time of the injury; [\u00b6] (2) a tortious injury to the plaintiff\u2019s spouse; [\u00b6] (3) loss of consortium suffered by the plaintiff; and [\u00b6] (4) the loss was proximately caused by the defendant\u2019s act.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Vanhooser v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 921, 927 [142 Cal.Rptr.3d 230].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe concept of consortium includes not only loss of support or services; it also embraces such elements as love, companionship, comfort, affection, society, sexual relations, the moral support each spouse gives the other through the triumph and despair of life, and the deprivation of a spouse\u2019s physical assistance in operating and maintaining the family home.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ledger v. Tippitt<\/span>\u00a0(1985) 164 Cal.App.3d 625, 633 [210 Cal.Rptr. 814], disapproved of on other grounds in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Elden v. Sheldon<\/span>\u00a0(1988) 46 Cal.3d 267, 277 [250 Cal.Rptr. 254, 758 P.2d 582].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSince he has no cause of action in tort his spouse has no cause of action for loss of consortium.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Blain v. Doctor\u2019s Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 1048, 1067 [272 Cal.Rptr. 250].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe California Supreme Court in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rodriguez, supra,<\/span>\u00a012 Cal.3d at page 409, expressly recognized the right to recover damages for the \u2018loss or impairment\u2019 of the plaintiff\u2019s rights of consortium, and we see no basis to conclude that a loss of consortium must be so extensive as to be considered complete in order to be compensable. Instead, a partial loss, or diminution, of consortium is compensable.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mealy v. B-Mobile, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2011) 195 Cal.App. 4th 1218, 1224 [124 Cal.Rptr.3d 804].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[S]hould [husband] prevail in his own cause of action against these defendants, he will be entitled to recover, among his medical expenses, the full cost of whatever home nursing is necessary. To allow [wife] also to recover the value of her nursing services, however personalized, would therefore constitute double recovery.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rodriguez, supra,<\/span>\u00a012 Cal.3d at p. 409, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cFor the same reason, [wife] cannot recover for the loss of her earnings and earning capacity assertedly incurred when she quit her job in order to furnish [husband] these same nursing services. To do so would be to allow her to accomplish indirectly that which we have just held she cannot do directly.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rodriguez, supra,<\/span>\u00a012 Cal.3d at p. 409.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe deprivation of a husband\u2019s physical assistance in operating and maintaining the home is a compensable item of loss of consortium.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rodriguez, supra,<\/span>\u00a012 Cal.3d at p. 409, fn. 31, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough the trial court labeled the damages awarded [plaintiff] as being for \u2018loss of consortium\u2019 (a noneconomic damages item under Proposition 51), much of the testimony at trial actually involved the \u2018costs of obtaining substitute domestic services\u2019 on her behalf (an economic damage item in the statute).\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kellogg v. Asbestos Corp. Ltd.<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 41 Cal.App.4th 1397, 1408 [49 Cal.Rptr.2d 256].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhether the degree of harm suffered by the plaintiff\u2019s spouse is sufficiently severe to give rise to a cause of action for loss of consortium is a matter of proof. When the injury is emotional rather than physical, the plaintiff may have a more difficult task in proving negligence, causation, and the requisite degree of harm; but these are questions for the jury, as in all litigation for loss of consortium. In\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rodriguez<\/span>\u00a0we acknowledged that the loss is \u2018principally a form of mental suffering,\u2019 but nevertheless declared our faith in the ability of the jury to exercise sound judgment in fixing compensation. We reaffirm that faith today.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals<\/span>\u00a0(1980) 27 Cal.3d 916, 933 [167 Cal.Rptr. 831, 616 P.2d 813], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe \u2026 conclude that we should not recognize a cause of action by a child for loss of parental consortium.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Borer v. American Airlines, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1977) 19 Cal.3d 441, 451 [138 Cal.Rptr. 302, 563 P.2d 858].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">A parent may not recover loss of consortium damages for injury to his or her child. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Baxter v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1977) 19 Cal.3d 461 [138 Cal.Rptr. 315, 563 P.2d 871].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Unmarried cohabitants may not recover damages for loss of consortium. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Elden, supra,<\/span>\u00a046 Cal.3d at p. 277.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Under Proposition 51, damages for loss of consortium may be reduced by the negligence of the injured spouse. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Craddock v. Kmart Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 1300, 1309\u20131310 [107 Cal.Rptr.2d 881];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hernandez v. Badger Construction Equipment Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 28 Cal.App.4th 1791, 1810\u20131811 [34 Cal.Rptr.2d 732].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018To entitle a plaintiff to recover present damages for apprehended future consequences, there must be evidence to show such a degree of probability of their occurring as amounts to a reasonable certainty that they will result from the original injury.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bellman v. San Francisco High School Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(1938) 11 Cal.2d 576, 588 [81 P.2d 894], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]n a common law action for loss of consortium, the plaintiff can recover not only for the loss of companionship and affection through the time of the trial but also for any future loss of companionship and affection that is sufficiently certain to occur. In\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rodriguez<\/span>, we held that when a plaintiff\u2019s spouse is permanently disabled as a result of a defendant\u2019s wrongdoing, future (posttrial) loss of companionship and affection is sufficiently certain to permit an award of prospective damages. If instead the injured spouse will soon die as a result of his or her injuries, the future (posttrial) loss of companionship and affection is no less certain. In short, we see no reason to make an exception here to the general rule permitting an award of prospective damages in civil tort actions. Therefore, under long-standing principles of tort liability, the recovery of prospective damages in a common law action for loss of consortium includes damages for lost companionship and affection resulting from the anticipated (and sufficiently certain) premature death of the injured spouse.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boeken<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra,<\/span>\u00a048 Cal.4th at pp. 799\u2013800, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he plaintiff in a common law action for loss of consortium may not recover for loss during a period in which the companionship and affection of the injured spouse would have been lost anyway, irrespective of the defendant\u2019s wrongdoing, and therefore the life expectancy of the plaintiff and the life expectancy of the injured spouse, whichever is shorter, necessarily places an outer limit on damages.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Boeken<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra,<\/span>\u00a048 Cal.4th at p. 800.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]here an injury to a spouse that in turn causes injury to the plaintiff\u2019s right to consortium in the marital relationship is not discovered or discoverable until after the couple\u2019s marriage, and the underlying cause of action thus accrues during the marriage, the plaintiff has a valid claim for loss of consortium even though the negligent conduct may have predated the marriage.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Leonard v. John Crane, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1274, 1290 [142 Cal.Rptr.3d 700]; see also\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Vanhooser, supra,<\/span>\u00a0206 Cal.App.4th at pp. 927\u2013930\u00a0[reaching same result].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091857\u20131864<\/div>\n<div>California Tort Damages (Cont.Ed.Bar) Loss of Consortium, \u00a7\u00a7\u20092.6\u20132.7<\/div>\n<div>4 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 56,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Loss of Consortium<\/span>, \u00a7\u200956.08\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>31\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 354,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Loss of Consortium,<\/span>\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7\u2009354.12,\u00a0354.14\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>6\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 64,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Damages: Tort,<\/span>\u00a0\u00a7\u200964.25\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u00a7\u200910:10\u201310:16 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7jehm4-06d8e311c1389eb1c9d29fc8c9470471 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-656sgc-f18df2f5ed9d1978c66170a0d2ceb8af\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-656sgc-f18df2f5ed9d1978c66170a0d2ceb8af .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-656sgc-f18df2f5ed9d1978c66170a0d2ceb8af '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1948","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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