{"id":1949,"date":"2021-10-25T03:55:14","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:55:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1949"},"modified":"2022-05-09T18:15:15","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T18:15:15","slug":"caci-3905a-physical-pain-mental-suffering-and-emotional-distress-noneconomic-damage","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3905a-physical-pain-mental-suffering-and-emotional-distress-noneconomic-damage\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3905A Physical Pain, Mental Suffering, and Emotional Distress (Noneconomic Damage)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv26h7xk-18dc48607fa6275def3ab32bca6b4a7f\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv26h7xk-18dc48607fa6275def3ab32bca6b4a7f{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kv26h7xk-18dc48607fa6275def3ab32bca6b4a7f .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kv26h7xk-18dc48607fa6275def3ab32bca6b4a7f .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kv26h7xk-18dc48607fa6275def3ab32bca6b4a7f av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3905A Physical Pain, Mental Suffering, and Emotional Distress (Noneconomic Damage)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span 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itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv26ig0e-9cbf8af794f3fd3e5e56bcbb6520d7f4\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kv26ig0e-9cbf8af794f3fd3e5e56bcbb6520d7f4 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv26ig0e-9cbf8af794f3fd3e5e56bcbb6520d7f4 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3905A\u00a0Physical Pain, Mental Suffering, and Emotional Distress (Noneconomic Damage)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Insert number, e.g.,<\/span>\u00a0\u201c1.\u201d<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [Past] [and] [future] [physical pain\/mental suffering\/loss of enjoyment of life\/disfigurement\/physical impairment\/inconvenience\/grief\/anxiety\/humiliation\/emotional distress\/[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert other damages<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">No fixed standard exists for deciding the amount of these noneconomic damages. You must use your judgment to decide a reasonable amount based on the evidence and your common sense.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[To recover for future [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert item of pain and suffering<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is reasonably certain to suffer that harm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">For future [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert item of pain and suffering<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], determine the amount in current dollars paid at the time of judgment that will compensate [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] for future [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert item of pain and suffering<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. [This amount of noneconomic damages should not be further reduced to present cash value because that reduction should only be performed with respect to economic damages.]] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised April 2008, December 2009, December 2011 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Insert the bracketed terms that best describe the damages claimed by the plaintiff.<\/p>\n<p>If future noneconomic damages are sought, include the last two paragraphs. Do not instruct the jury to further reduce the award to present cash value. (See\u00a0CACI No. 3904A,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Present Cash Value<\/span>, and\u00a0CACI No. 3904B,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Use of Present-Value Tables<\/span>.) The amount that the jury is to award should already encompass the idea of today\u2019s dollars for tomorrow\u2019s loss. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Salgado v. County of L.A.<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 19 Cal.4th 629, 646\u2013647 [80 Cal.Rptr.2d 46, 967 P.2d 585].) Include the last sentence only if the plaintiff is claiming both future economic and noneconomic damages. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cOne of the most difficult tasks imposed on a fact finder is to determine the amount of money the plaintiff is to be awarded as compensation for pain and suffering. The inquiry is inherently subjective and not easily amenable to concrete measurement.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pearl v. City of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 475, 491 [248 Cal.Rptr.3d 508], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn general, courts have not attempted to draw distinctions between the elements of \u2018pain\u2019 on the one hand, and \u2018suffering\u2019 on the other; rather, the unitary concept of \u2018pain and suffering\u2019 has served as a convenient label under which a plaintiff may recover not only for physical pain but for fright, nervousness, grief, anxiety, worry, mortification, shock, humiliation, indignity, embarrassment, apprehension, terror or ordeal. Admittedly these terms refer to subjective states, representing a detriment which can be translated into monetary loss only with great difficulty. But the detriment, nevertheless, is a genuine one that requires compensation, and the issue generally must be resolved by the \u2018impartial conscience and judgment of jurors who may be expected to act reasonably, intelligently and in harmony with the evidence.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Capelouto v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals<\/span>\u00a0(1972) 7 Cal.3d 889, 892\u2013893 [103 Cal.Rptr. 856, 500 P.2d 880], internal citations and footnote omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[N]oneconomic damages do not consist of only emotional distress and pain and suffering. They also consist of such items as invasion of a person\u2019s bodily integrity (i.e., the fact of the injury itself), disfigurement, disability, impaired enjoyment of life, susceptibility to future harm or injury, and a shortened life expectancy.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bigler-Engler v. Breg, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 7 Cal.App.5th 276, 300 [213 Cal.Rptr.3d 82].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018[T]here is no fixed or absolute standard by which to compute the monetary value of emotional distress,\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019 and a \u2018\u2009\u201cjury is entrusted with vast discretion in determining the amount of damages to be awarded\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d [Citation.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Plotnik v. Meihaus<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1590, 1602 [146 Cal.Rptr.3d 585].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCompensatory damages may be awarded for bodily harm without proof of pecuniary loss. The fact that there is no market price calculus available to measure the amount of appropriate compensation does not render such a tortious injury noncompensable. \u2018For harm to body, feelings or reputation, compensatory damages reasonably proportioned to the intensity and duration of the harm can be awarded without proof of amount other than evidence of the nature of the harm. There is no direct correspondence between money and harm to the body, feelings or reputation. There is no market price for a scar or for loss of hearing since the damages are not measured by the amount for which one would be willing to suffer the harm. The discretion of the judge or jury determines the amount of recovery, the only standard being such an amount as a reasonable person would estimate as fair compensation.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Duarte v. Zachariah<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 1652, 1664\u20131665 [28 Cal.Rptr.2d 88], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe general rule of damages in tort is that the injured party may recover for all detriment caused whether it could have been anticipated or not. In accordance with the general rule, it is settled in this state that mental suffering constitutes an aggravation of damages when it naturally ensues from the act complained of, and in this connection mental suffering includes nervousness, grief, anxiety, worry, shock, humiliation and indignity as well as physical pain.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Crisci v. The Security Insurance Co. of New Haven, Connecticut<\/span>\u00a0(1967) 66 Cal.2d 425, 433 [58 Cal.Rptr. 13, 426 P.2d 173], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe note that there may be certain cases where testimony of an expert witness would be necessary to support all or part of an emotional distress damages claim. For example, expert testimony would be required to the extent a plaintiff\u2019s damages are alleged to have arisen from a psychiatric or psychological disorder caused or made worse by a defendant\u2019s actions and the subject matter is beyond common experience. We are not addressing such a case here. In this case, the emotional distress damages arose from feelings of anxiety, pressure, betrayal, shock, and fear of others to which [plaintiff] herself could and did testify. Expert testimony was not required.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Knutson v. Foster<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 25 Cal.App.5th 1075, 1099 [236 Cal.Rptr.3d 473].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe law in this state is that the testimony of a single person,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">including the plaintiff,<\/span>\u00a0may be sufficient to support an award of emotional distress damages.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Knutson<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra,<\/span>\u00a025 Cal.App.5th at p. 1096, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]here a plaintiff has undergone surgery in which a herniated disc is removed and a metallic plate inserted, and the jury has expressly found that defendant\u2019s negligence was a cause of plaintiff\u2019s injury, the failure to award any damages for pain and suffering results in a damage award that is inadequate as a matter of law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Dodson v. J. Pacific, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 931, 933 [64 Cal.Rptr.3d 920].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018To entitle a plaintiff to recover present damages for apprehended future consequences, there must be evidence to show such a degree of probability of their occurring as amounts to a reasonable certainty that they will result from the original injury.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bellman v. San Francisco High School Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(1938) 11 Cal.2d 576, 588 [81 P.2d 894], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo avoid confusion regarding the jury\u2019s task in future cases, we conclude that when future noneconomic damages are sought, the jury should be instructed expressly that they are to assume that an award of future damages is a present value sum, i.e., they are to determine the amount in current dollars paid at the time of judgment that will compensate a plaintiff for future pain and suffering. In the absence of such instruction, unless the record clearly establishes otherwise, awards of future damages will be considered to be stated in terms of their present or current value.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Salgado, supra,<\/span>\u00a019 Cal.4th at pp. 646\u2013647.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[R]ecovery for emotional distress caused by injury to property is permitted only where there is a preexisting relationship between the parties or an intentional tort.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ragland v. U.S. Bank National Assn.<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 182, 203 [147 Cal.Rptr.3d 41].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]e uphold both the economic and emotional distress damages plaintiffs recovered for trespass to personal property arising from [defendant]\u2019s act of intentionally striking [plaintiff\u2019s dog] with a bat.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Plotnik<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra,<\/span>\u00a0208 Cal.App.4th at p. 1608\u00a0[under claim for trespass to chattels].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cFurthermore, \u2018the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">negligent<\/span>\u00a0infliction of emotional distress\u2014anxiety, worry, discomfort\u2014is compensable without physical injury in cases involving the tortious interference with\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">property rights<\/span>\u00a0[citations].\u2019 Thus, if [defendant]\u2019s failure to repair the premises constitutes a tort grounded on negligence, appellant is entitled to prove his damages for emotional distress because the failure to repair must be deemed to constitute an injury to his tenancy interest (right to habitable premises), which is a species of property.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Erlach v. Sierra Asset Servicing, LLC<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 1281, 1299 [173 Cal.Rptr.3d 159], original italics, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[U]nless the defendant has assumed a duty to plaintiff in which the emotional condition of the plaintiff is an object, recovery is available only if the emotional distress arises out of the defendant\u2019s breach of some other legal duty and the emotional distress is proximately caused by that breach of duty. Even then, with rare exceptions, a breach of the duty must threaten physical injury, not simply damage to property or financial interests.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wilson v. Southern California Edison Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 123, 156 [184 Cal.Rptr.3d 26].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091850\u20131854<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 3-C,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Specific Items Of Compensatory Damages<\/span>, \u00b6\u20093:140 et seq. (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>California Tort Damages (Cont.Ed.Bar) Bodily Injury, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091.68\u20131.74<\/div>\n<div>4 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 51,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pain and Suffering<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200951.01\u201351.14\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>15\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 177,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Damages<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009177.44\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>6\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 64,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Damages: Tort<\/span>, \u00a7\u200964.145 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u20095:10 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7h2on1-fdf01d08175fa702fd29609a74a33056 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-65nq0t-1bf1922704e8ea0e1ae2c99228fa4112\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-65nq0t-1bf1922704e8ea0e1ae2c99228fa4112 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-65nq0t-1bf1922704e8ea0e1ae2c99228fa4112 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1949","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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