{"id":1950,"date":"2021-10-25T03:54:53","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:54:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=1950"},"modified":"2022-05-09T17:59:29","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T17:59:29","slug":"caci-3903d-lost-earning-capacity-economic-damage","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3903d-lost-earning-capacity-economic-damage\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3903D Lost Earning Capacity (Economic Damage)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv22vjof-bc99fd6313c1b2a7bf7b4c3f2d7c51c1\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv22vjof-bc99fd6313c1b2a7bf7b4c3f2d7c51c1{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kv22vjof-bc99fd6313c1b2a7bf7b4c3f2d7c51c1 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kv22vjof-bc99fd6313c1b2a7bf7b4c3f2d7c51c1 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kv22vjof-bc99fd6313c1b2a7bf7b4c3f2d7c51c1 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3903D Lost Earning Capacity (Economic Damage)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv22wz8e-232f55bb5c19c6fec25401c972d80ca1\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kv22wz8e-232f55bb5c19c6fec25401c972d80ca1 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv22wz8e-232f55bb5c19c6fec25401c972d80ca1 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3903D\u00a0Lost Earning Capacity (Economic Damage)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Insert number, e.g.<\/span>, \u201c4.\u201d<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] The loss of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s ability to earn money.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">To recover damages for the loss of the ability to earn money as a result of the injury, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That it is reasonably certain that the injury that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] sustained will cause [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] to earn less money in the future than [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] otherwise could have earned; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The reasonable value of that loss to [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">In determining the reasonable value of the loss, compare what it is reasonably probable that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] could have earned without the injury to what [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] can still earn with the injury. [Consider the career choices that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] would have had a reasonable probability of achieving.] It is not necessary that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] have a work history. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised April 2004, April 2008, May 2017, November 2020 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction is not intended for use in employment cases.<\/p>\n<p>Use this instruction along with\u00a0CACI No. 3906,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lost Earnings and Lost Earning Capacity\u2014Jurors Not to Reduce Damages on Basis of Race, Ethnicity, or Gender (Economic Damage)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>If lost profits are asserted as an element of damages, see\u00a0CACI No. 3903N,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lost Profits (Economic Damage)<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>If there is a claim for both lost future earnings and lost earning capacity, give also\u00a0CACI No. 3903C,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Past and Future Lost Earnings (Economic Damage)<\/span>. The verdict form should ensure that the same loss is not computed under both standards.<\/p>\n<p>In the last paragraph, include the bracketed sentence if the plaintiff is of sufficient age that reasonable probabilities can be projected about career opportunities. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Estimations, Measures, or Calculations of Past, Present, or Future Damages.\u00a0Civil Code section 3361.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBefore [lost earning capacity] damages may be awarded, a jury must (1) find the injury that the plaintiff sustained will result in a loss of earning capacity, and (2) assign a value to that loss by comparing what the plaintiff could have earned without the injury to what she can still earn with the injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Licudine v. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 881, 887 [208 Cal.Rptr.3d 170].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cLoss of earning power is an element of general damages which can be inferred from the nature of the injury, without proof of actual earnings or income either before or after the injury, and damages in this respect are awarded for the loss of ability thereafter to earn money.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Connolly v. Pre-Mixed Concrete Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1957) 49 Cal.2d 483, 489 [319 P.2d 343].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBecause these damages turn on the plaintiff\u2019s earning capacity, the focus is \u2018not [on] what the plaintiff would have earned in the future[,] but [on] what she could have earned.\u2019 Consequently, proof of the plaintiff\u2019s prior earnings, while relevant to demonstrate earning capacity, is not a prerequisite to the award of these damages, nor a cap on the amount of those damages. Indeed, proof that the plaintiff had any prior earnings is not required because the \u2018vicissitudes of life might call upon [the plaintiff] to make avail of her capacity to work,\u2019 even if she had not done so previously.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Licudine, supra,<\/span>\u00a03 Cal.App.5th at pp. 893\u2013894, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSuch damages are \u2018\u2026 awarded for the purpose of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">compensating<\/span>\u00a0the plaintiff for injury suffered, i.e., restoring \u2026 [her] as nearly as possible to \u2026 [her] former position, or giving \u2026 [her] some pecuniary equivalent.\u2019 Impairment of the capacity or power to work is an injury separate from the actual loss of earnings.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hilliard v. A. H. Robins Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 374, 412 [196 Cal.Rptr. 117], original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he jury must fix a plaintiff\u2019s future earning capacity based on what it is \u2018reasonably probable\u2019 she could have earned.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Licudine, supra,<\/span>\u00a03 Cal.App.5th at p. 887.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA plaintiff\u2019s earning capacity without her injury is a function of two variables\u2014the career(s) the plaintiff could have pursued and the salaries attendant to such career(s).\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Licudine, supra,<\/span>\u00a03 Cal.App.5th at p. 894.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cHow is the jury to assess what career(s) are available to the plaintiff? Is the sky the limit? In other words, can a plaintiff urge the jury to peg her earning capacity to the salary of a world-class athlete, neuroscientist, or best-selling author just by testifying that is what she wanted to do? Or must the jury instead determine a plaintiff\u2019s earning capacity by reference to the career choices the plaintiff stood a realistic chance of accomplishing? We conclude some modicum of scrutiny by the trier of fact is warranted, and hold that the jury must look to the earning capacity of the career choices that the plaintiff had a reasonable probability of achieving.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Licudine, supra,<\/span>\u00a03 Cal.App.5th at p. 894.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cOnce the jury has determined which career options are reasonably probable for the plaintiff to achieve, how is the jury to value the earning capacity of those careers? Precedent suggests three methods: (1) by the testimony of an expert witness; (2) by the testimony of lay witnesses, including the plaintiff; or (3) by proof of the plaintiff\u2019s prior earnings in that same career. As these options suggest, expert testimony is not always required.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Licudine, supra,<\/span>\u00a03 Cal.App.5th at p. 897.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[E]xpert testimony is not vital to a claim for loss of earning capacity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lewis v. Ukran<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 886, 893 [248 Cal.Rptr.3d 839].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA trier of fact may draw the inference that the plaintiff has suffered a loss of earning capacity from the nature of the injury, but it is not required to draw that inference.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Martinez v. State Dept. of Health Care Services<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 19 Cal.App.5th 370, 374 [227 Cal.Rptr.3d 483].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Under the prevailing American rule, a tort victim suing for damages for permanent injuries is permitted to base his recovery \u201con his prospective earnings for the balance of his life expectancy at the time of his injury undiminished by any shortening of that expectancy as a result of the injury.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fein v. Permanente Medical Group<\/span>\u00a0(1985) 38 Cal.3d 137, 153 [211 Cal.Rptr. 368, 695 P.2d 665], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he majority view is that no deduction is made for the injured party\u2019s expected living expenses during the lost years.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Overly v. Ingalls Shipbuilding, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 164, 175 [87 Cal.Rptr.2d 626], internal citations omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091842, 1843<\/div>\n<div>California Tort Damages (Cont.Ed.Bar) Bodily Injury, \u00a7\u20091.42<\/div>\n<div>4 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 52,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Medical Expenses and Economic Loss<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200952.10, 52.11\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>15\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 177,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Damages<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009177.46\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>6\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 64,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Damages: Tort<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200964.140, 64.175 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u20095:14 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7ugxr2-c1fc892a7965ba04e78409be2d1adf1e hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5cpub2-0c74704bb3194ffa8b8622267465cc4d\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-5cpub2-0c74704bb3194ffa8b8622267465cc4d .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-5cpub2-0c74704bb3194ffa8b8622267465cc4d '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1950","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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