{"id":2003,"date":"2021-10-25T03:54:37","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:54:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=2003"},"modified":"2022-05-09T17:41:54","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T17:41:54","slug":"caci-3722-scope-of-employment-unauthorized-acts","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3722-scope-of-employment-unauthorized-acts\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3722 Scope of Employment\u2014Unauthorized Acts"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-fb2fn7-d61eb478bd17832e1f5ff570ba11bcdf\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-fb2fn7-d61eb478bd17832e1f5ff570ba11bcdf{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-fb2fn7-d61eb478bd17832e1f5ff570ba11bcdf .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-fb2fn7-d61eb478bd17832e1f5ff570ba11bcdf .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-fb2fn7-d61eb478bd17832e1f5ff570ba11bcdf av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3722 Scope of Employment\u2014Unauthorized Acts<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-9ometf-0f046c751742bad02c602ecce29da1de\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-9ometf-0f046c751742bad02c602ecce29da1de .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-9ometf-0f046c751742bad02c602ecce29da1de '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3722\u00a0Scope of Employment\u2014Unauthorized Acts<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">An employee\u2019s unauthorized conduct may be within the scope of [employment\/authorization] if [the conduct was committed in the course of a series of acts authorized by the employer] [or] [the conduct arose from a risk inherent in or created by the enterprise].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[An employee\u2019s wrongful or criminal conduct may be within the scope of employment even if it breaks a company rule or does not benefit the employer.] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he employer\u2019s liability extends beyond his actual or possible control of the employee to include risks inherent in or created by the enterprise.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Perez v. Van Groningen &amp; Sons, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1986) 41 Cal.3d 962, 968 [227 Cal.Rptr. 106, 719 P.2d 676].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe fact that an employee is not engaged in the ultimate object of his employment at the time of his wrongful act does not preclude attribution of liability to an employer\u2009\u2026\u2009. [T]he proper inquiry is not whether the wrongful act itself was authorized but whether it was committed in the course of a series of acts of the agent which were authorized by the principal.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mary M. v. City of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(1991) 54 Cal.3d 202, 219 [285 Cal.Rptr. 99, 814 P.2d 1341], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTortious conduct that violates an employee\u2019s official duties or disregards the employer\u2019s express orders may nonetheless be within the scope of employment. So may acts that do not benefit the employer, or are willful or malicious in nature.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mary M., supra<\/span>, 54 Cal.3d at p. 209, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cEqually well established, if somewhat surprising on first encounter, \u2026 that an employee\u2019s willful, malicious and even criminal torts may fall within the scope of his or her employment for purposes of respondeat superior, even though the employer has not authorized the employee to commit crimes or intentional torts.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lisa M. v. Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 12 Cal.4th 291, 296\u2013297 [48 Cal.Rptr.2d 510, 907 P.2d 358], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCalifornia no longer follows the traditional rule that an employee\u2019s actions are within the scope of employment only if motivated, in whole or part, by a desire to serve the employer\u2019s interests\u2009\u2026\u2009. [\u00b6]\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">\u2018It is sufficient \u2026 if the injury resulted from a dispute arising out of the employment\u2009\u2026\u2009. \u201cIt is not necessary that the assault should have been made \u2018as a means, or for the purpose of performing the work he (the employee) was employed to do.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019<\/span>\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lisa M., supra,<\/span>\u00a012 Cal.4th at p. 297, original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough an employee\u2019s willful, malicious, and even criminal torts may fall within the scope of employment, \u2018an employer is not strictly liable for all actions of its employees during working hours.\u2019 For the employer to be liable for an intentional tort, the employee\u2019s act must have a \u2018causal nexus to the employee\u2019s work.\u2019 Courts have used various terms to describe this causal nexus: the incident leading to the injury must be an \u2018\u2009\u201coutgrowth\u201d\u2009\u2019 of the employment; the risk of tortious injury must be \u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018inherent in the working environment\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019; the risk must be \u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018typical\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019 or \u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018broadly incidental\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019 to the employer\u2019s business; the tort was \u2018\u2009\u201ca generally foreseeable consequence\u201d\u2009\u2019 of the employer\u2019s business.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Montague v. AMN Healthcare, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1515, 1521 [168 Cal.Rptr.3d 123], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe question, then, is whether an employee\u2019s physical eruption, stemming from his interaction with a customer, is a predictable risk of retail employment. Our Supreme Court has suggested it may well be: \u2018Flare-ups, frustrations, and disagreements among employees are commonplace in the workplace and may lead to \u201cphysical act[s] of aggression.\u201d In bringing [people] together, work brings [personal] qualities together, causes frictions between them, creates occasions for lapses into carelessness, and for fun-making and emotional flareup\u2009\u2026\u2009. These expressions of human nature are incidents inseparable from working together. They involve risks of injury and these risks are inherent in the working environment.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Flores v. AutoZone West, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 373, 381 [74 Cal.Rptr.3d 178], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSexual assaults are not per se beyond the scope of employment. But courts have rarely held an employee\u2019s sexual assault or sexual harassment of a third party falls within the scope of employment.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Daza v. Los Angeles Community College Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 260, 268 [202 Cal.Rptr.3d 115], internal citations omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>3 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Agency and Employment, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009196\u2013201<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 8,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Vicarious Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u20098.03[3][d],\u00a0[f]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>2\u00a0California Employment Law, Ch. 30,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Employers\u2019 Tort Liability to Third Parties for Conduct of Employees<\/span>, \u00a7\u200930.05\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>21\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 248,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Employer\u2019s Liability for Employee\u2019s Torts<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009248.16\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>37\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 427,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Principal and Agent<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009427.22\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u00a7\u20093:11\u20133:12 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-6zvwg3-f4dcbf30b928e067ed6c40a293e8a8a9 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6aah5f-b9ccf787d05b05eea98e3e3e271cbbcd\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-6aah5f-b9ccf787d05b05eea98e3e3e271cbbcd .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-6aah5f-b9ccf787d05b05eea98e3e3e271cbbcd '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2003","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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