{"id":2033,"date":"2021-10-25T03:54:20","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:54:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=2033"},"modified":"2022-05-09T17:06:21","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T17:06:21","slug":"caci-3610-aiding-and-abetting-tort-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3610-aiding-and-abetting-tort-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3610 Aiding and Abetting Tort\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv209zne-41ac5db220748bf112c199bbe2a5d1d3\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv209zne-41ac5db220748bf112c199bbe2a5d1d3{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kv209zne-41ac5db220748bf112c199bbe2a5d1d3 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kv209zne-41ac5db220748bf112c199bbe2a5d1d3 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kv209zne-41ac5db220748bf112c199bbe2a5d1d3 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3610 Aiding and Abetting Tort\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv20bbmy-26007c65b54c6418bf808c1ecef3113f\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kv20bbmy-26007c65b54c6418bf808c1ecef3113f .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv20bbmy-26007c65b54c6418bf808c1ecef3113f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3610\u00a0Aiding and Abetting Tort\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of actor<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert tort theory, e.g., assault and battery<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] and that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is responsible for the harm because [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] aided and abetted [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of actor<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] in committing the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., assault and battery<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">If you find that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of actor<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] committed [a\/an] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., assault and battery<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] that harmed [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], then you must determine whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is also responsible for the harm. [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is responsible as an aider and abetter if [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knew that [a\/an] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., assault and battery<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was [being\/going to be] committed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of actor<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] against [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] gave substantial assistance or encouragement to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of actor<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing harm to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Mere knowledge that [a\/an] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">e.g., assault and battery<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was [being\/going to be] committed and the failure to prevent it do not constitute aiding and abetting. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New April 2008; Revised December 2015 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Give this instruction if the plaintiff seeks to hold a defendant responsible for the tort of another on a theory of aiding and abetting, whether or not the active tortfeasor is also a defendant.<\/p>\n<p>Some cases seem to hold that in addition to the elements of knowledge and substantial assistance, a complaint must allege the aider and abettor had the specific intent to facilitate the wrongful conduct. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Schulz v. Neovi Data Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 86, 95 [60 Cal.Rptr.3d 810].)<\/p>\n<p>It appears that one may be liable as an aider and abetter of a negligent act. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Navarrete v. Meyer<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 1276, 1290 [188 Cal.Rptr.3d 623];\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Orser v. George<\/span>\u00a0(1967) 252 Cal.App.2d 660, 668 [60 Cal.Rptr. 708].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe jury was also instructed on aiding and abetting, as follows: \u2018A person aids and abets the commission of a crime when he or she: [\u00b6] (1) With knowledge of the unlawful purpose of the perpetrator, and [\u00b6] (2) With the intent or purpose of committing or encouraging or facilitating the commission of the crime, and [\u00b6] (3) By act or advice aids, promotes, encourages or instigates the commission of the crime. [\u00b6] A person who aids and abets the commission of a crime need not be present at the scene of the crime. [\u00b6] Mere presence at the scene of a crime which does not itself assist the commission of the crime does not amount to aiding and abetting. [\u00b6] Mere knowledge that a crime is being committed and the failure to prevent it does not amount to aiding and abetting.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Casella v. SouthWest Dealer Services, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 1127, 1140\u20131141 [69 Cal.Rptr.3d 445].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe elements of a claim for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty are: (1) a third party\u2019s breach of fiduciary duties owed to plaintiff; (2) defendant\u2019s actual knowledge of that breach of fiduciary duties; (3) substantial assistance or encouragement by defendant to the third party\u2019s breach; and (4) defendant\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing harm to plaintiff. (Judicial Council of Cal., Civ. Jury Instns. (CACI) (2014) No. 3610 \u2026).\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nasrawi v. Buck Consultants LLC<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 328, 343 [179 Cal.Rptr.3d 813].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[C]ausation is an essential element of an aiding and abetting claim, i.e., plaintiff must show that the aider and abettor provided assistance that was a substantial factor in causing the harm suffered.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">American Master Lease LLC v. Idanta Partners, Ltd.<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1451, 1476 [171 Cal.Rptr.3d 548].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe fact the instruction [CACI No. 3610] does not use the word \u2018intent\u2019 is not determinative. \u2018California courts have long held that liability for aiding and abetting depends on proof the defendant had actual knowledge of the specific primary wrong the defendant substantially assisted.\u2009\u2026\u2009\u201cThe words \u2018aid and abet\u2019 as thus used have a well understood meaning, and may fairly be construed to imply an intentional participation\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">with knowledge of the object to be attained<\/span>.\u201d [Citation.]\u2019 A defendant who acts with actual knowledge of the intentional wrong to be committed and provides substantial assistance to the primary wrongdoer is not an accidental participant in the enterprise.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Upasani v. State Farm General Ins. Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 509, 519 [173 Cal.Rptr.3d 784], original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAs noted, some cases suggest that a plaintiff also must plead specific intent to facilitate the underlying tort. We need not decide whether specific intent is a required element because, read liberally, the fifth amended complaint alleges that [defendant] intended to assist the Association in breaching its fiduciary duties. In particular, plaintiffs allege that, with knowledge of the Association\u2019s breaches, [defendant] \u2018gave substantial encouragement and assistance to [the Association]\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">to breach its fiduciary duties<\/span>.\u2019 Fairly read, that allegation indicates intent to participate in tortious activity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nasrawi, supra<\/span>, 231 Cal.App.4th at p. 345, original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]e consider whether the complaint states a claim based upon \u2018concert of action\u2019 among defendants. The elements of this doctrine are prescribed in\u00a0section 876 of the Restatement Second of Torts. The section provides, \u2018For harm resulting to a third person from the tortious conduct of another, one is subject to liability if he (a) does a tortious act in concert with the other or pursuant to a common design with him, or (b) knows that the other\u2019s conduct constitutes a breach of duty and gives substantial assistance or encouragement to the other so to conduct himself, or (c) gives substantial assistance to the other in accomplishing a tortious result and his own conduct, separately considered, constitutes a breach of duty to the third person.\u2019 With respect to this doctrine, Prosser states that \u2018those who, in pursuance of a common plan or design to commit a tortious act, actively take part in it, or further it by cooperation or request, or who lend aid or encouragement to the wrongdoer, or ratify and adopt his acts done for their benefit, are equally liable with him. [para.] Express agreement is not necessary, and all that is required is that there be a tacit understanding \u2026\u2009.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories<\/span>\u00a0(1980) 26 Cal.3d 588, 604 [163 Cal.Rptr. 132, 607 P.2d 924], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cLiability may \u2026 be imposed on one who aids and abets the commission of an intentional tort if the person (a) knows the other\u2019s conduct constitutes a breach of duty and gives substantial assistance or encouragement to the other to so act or (b) gives substantial assistance to the other in accomplishing a tortious result and the person\u2019s own conduct, separately considered, constitutes a breach of duty to the third person.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">IIG Wireless, Inc. v. Yi<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 630, 653\u2013654 [231 Cal.Rptr.3d 771].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cRestatement Second of Torts \u2026 recognizes a cause of action for aiding and abetting in a civil action when it provides: \u2018For harm resulting to a third person from the tortious conduct of another, one is subject to liability if he [\u00b6] \u2026 [\u00b6] (b) knows that the other\u2019s conduct constitutes a breach of duty and gives substantial assistance or encouragement to the other so to conduct himself\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u2019 \u2018Advice or encouragement to act operates as a moral support to a tortfeasor and if the act encouraged is known to be tortious it has the same effect upon the liability of the adviser as participation or physical assistance\u2009\u2026\u2009. It likewise applies to a person who knowingly gives substantial aid to another who, as he knows, intends to do a tortious act.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Schulz, supra<\/span>, 152 Cal.App.4th at pp. 93\u201394, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCalifornia courts have long held that liability for aiding and abetting depends on proof the defendant had actual knowledge of the specific primary wrong the defendant substantially assisted\u2009\u2026\u2009. \u2018The words \u201caid and abet\u201d as thus used have a well understood meaning, and may fairly be construed to imply an intentional participation\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">with knowledge of the object to be attained<\/span>.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Casey v. U.S. Bank Nat. Assn.<\/span>\u00a0(2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 1138, 1145\u20131146 [26 Cal.Rptr.3d 401], original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Mere knowledge that a tort is being committed and the failure to prevent it does not constitute aiding and abetting. \u201cAs a general rule, one owes no duty to control the conduct of another\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d More specifically, a supervisor is not liable to third parties for the acts of his or her subordinates.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Austin B. v. Escondido Union School Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 860, 879 [57 Cal.Rptr.3d 454], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018In the civil arena, an aider and abettor is called a cotortfeasor. To be held liable as a cotortfeasor, a defendant must have knowledge and intent\u2009\u2026\u2009. A defendant can be held liable as a cotortfeasor on the basis of acting in concert only if he or she knew that a tort had been, or was to be, committed, and acted\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">with the intent of facilitating the commission of that tort<\/span>.\u2019 Of course, a defendant can only aid and abet another\u2019s tort if the defendant knows what \u2018that tort\u2019 is\u2009\u2026\u2009. [T]he defendant must have acted to aid the primary tortfeasor \u2018with knowledge of the object to be attained.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Casey, supra<\/span>, 127 Cal.App.4th at p. 1146, original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe concert of action theory of group liability \u2018may be used to impose liability on a person who did not personally cause the harm to plaintiff, but whose \u201c\u2009\u2018[a]dvice or encouragement to act operates as a moral support to a tortfeasor[,] and if the act encouraged is known to be tortious[,] it has the same effect upon the liability of the adviser as participation or physical assistance. If the encouragement or assistance is a substantial factor in causing the resulting tort, the one giving it is himself a tortfeasor and is responsible for the consequences of the other\u2019s act.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019 The doctrine is likened to aiding and abetting.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Navarrete, supra,<\/span>\u00a0237 Cal.App.4th at p. 1286.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Despite some conceptual similarities, civil liability for aiding and abetting the commission of a tort, which has no overlaid requirement of an independent duty, differs fundamentally from liability based on conspiracy to commit a tort. [Citations.] \u201c\u2009\u2018[A]iding-abetting focuses on whether a defendant knowingly gave \u201csubstantial assistance\u201d to someone who performed wrongful conduct, not on whether the defendant agreed to join the wrongful conduct.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Stueve Bros. Farms, LLC v. Berger Kahn<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 303, 324 [166 Cal.Rptr.3d 116].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[W]hile aiding and abetting may not require a defendant to agree to join the wrongful conduct, it necessarily requires a defendant to reach a conscious decision to participate in tortious activity for the purpose of assisting another in performing a wrongful act.\u2009\u2026\u2019 [Citation.] The aider and abetter\u2019s conduct need not, as \u2018separately considered,\u2019 constitute a breach of duty.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">American Master Lease LLC<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 225 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1475\u20131476.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cNor do we agree with [defendant]\u2019s contention that there is no evidence she aided and abetted [tortfeasor]. Her claim is premised on the assertion that the law in California does not permit liability for aiding and abetting \u2018unintentional conduct\u2019; that [plaintiff] alleged no intentional tort, only that [tortfeasor] acted negligently, and there is no evidence he intended to harm anyone. She argues, \u2018Even if [tortfeasor] inadvertently violated the law against an \u201cexhibition of speed,\u201d which he did not, [defendant] could not be liable for aiding and abetting such unintentional conduct.\u2019 However, for purposes of joint liability under a concert of action theory, it suffices that [defendant] assist or encourage [tortfeasor]\u2019s breach of a duty, which\u00a0Vehicle Code section 23109\u00a0imposed upon him (and also upon her not to aid and abet [tortfeasor]).\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Navarrete, supra<\/span>, 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 1290.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cJames too must be held as a defendant because, although he did not fire the fatal bullet, there is evidence (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">which may or may not be sufficient to prove him liable at the trial<\/span>) creating a question for the trier of fact. This evidence indicates he was firing alternately with Vierra at the same mudhen, in the same line of fire and possibly tortiously. In other words (to paraphrase the Restatement \u2026), the record permits a possibility James knew Vierra\u2019s conduct constituted a breach of duty owed Orser and that James was giving Vierra substantial \u2018assistance or encouragement\u2019; also that this was substantial assistance to Vierra in a tortious result with James\u2019 own conduct, \u2018separately considered, constituting a breach of duty to\u2019 Orser.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Orser, supra<\/span>, 252 Cal.App.2d at p. 668, original italics; see also Rest. 2d Torts, \u00a7\u2009876, Com. on Clause (b), Illustration 6.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBecause transferring funds in order to evade creditors constitutes an intentional tort, it logically follows that California common law should recognize liability for aiding and abetting a fraudulent transfer.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Berger v. Varum<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 35 Cal.App.5th 1013, 1025 [248 Cal.Rptr.3d 51].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009149, 150<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 9,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Conspiracy, Concerted Action, and Related Theories of Joint Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u20099.01,\u00a09.02\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>13\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 126,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Conspiracy<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009126.10,\u00a0126.11\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>4\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 46,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Conspiracy<\/span>, \u00a7\u200946.04\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7pnyyp-37b1a54748662b1dc254b03f2f194da0 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6ftldt-e7b87f2f4df4ecc1b7e7329e1fa21031\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-6ftldt-e7b87f2f4df4ecc1b7e7329e1fa21031 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-6ftldt-e7b87f2f4df4ecc1b7e7329e1fa21031 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2033","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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