{"id":2035,"date":"2021-10-25T03:54:20","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:54:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=2035"},"modified":"2022-05-09T17:04:14","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T17:04:14","slug":"caci-3600-conspiracy-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3600-conspiracy-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3600 Conspiracy\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv205xb7-1b54cbc759f3ec5e01363843269510b3\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv205xb7-1b54cbc759f3ec5e01363843269510b3{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kv205xb7-1b54cbc759f3ec5e01363843269510b3 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kv205xb7-1b54cbc759f3ec5e01363843269510b3 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kv205xb7-1b54cbc759f3ec5e01363843269510b3 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 3600 Conspiracy\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv2073ie-48f2b6f249412ba74e4df7a57c1f63cb\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kv2073ie-48f2b6f249412ba74e4df7a57c1f63cb .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv2073ie-48f2b6f249412ba74e4df7a57c1f63cb '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3600\u00a0Conspiracy\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of coconspirator<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert tort theory<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] and that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is responsible for the harm because [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was part of a conspiracy to commit [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert tort theory<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. A conspiracy is an agreement by two or more persons to commit a wrongful act. Such an agreement may be made orally or in writing or may be implied by the conduct of the parties.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">If you find that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of coconspirator<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] committed [a\/an] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert tort theory<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] that harmed [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], then you must determine whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is also responsible for the harm. [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is responsible if [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves both of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was aware that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of coconspirator<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [and others] planned to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert wrongful act<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] agreed with [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of coconspirator<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [and others] and intended that the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert wrongful act<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] be committed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Mere knowledge of a wrongful act without cooperation or an agreement to cooperate is insufficient to make [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] responsible for the harm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">A conspiracy may be inferred from circumstances, including the nature of the acts done, the relationships between the parties, and the interests of the alleged coconspirators. [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is not required to prove that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] personally committed a wrongful act or that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knew all the details of the agreement or the identities of all the other participants. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cConspiracy is not a separate tort, but a form of vicarious liability by which one defendant can be held liable for the acts of another.\u2009\u2026 A conspiracy requires evidence \u2018that each member of the conspiracy acted in concert and came to a mutual understanding to accomplish a common and unlawful plan, and that one or more of them committed an overt act to further it.\u2019 Thus, conspiracy provides a remedial measure for affixing liability to all who have \u2018agreed to a common design to commit a wrong\u2019 when damage to the plaintiff results. The defendant in a conspiracy claim must be capable of committing the target tort.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">IIG Wireless, Inc. v. Yi<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 630, 652 [231 Cal.Rptr.3d 771], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cConspiracy is not a cause of action, but a legal doctrine that imposes liability on persons who, although not actually committing a tort themselves, share with the immediate tortfeasors a common plan or design in its perpetration. By participation in a civil conspiracy, a coconspirator effectively adopts as his or her own the torts of other coconspirators within the ambit of the conspiracy. In this way, a coconspirator incurs tort liability co-equal with the immediate tortfeasors.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Applied Equipment Corp. v. Litton Saudi Arabia Ltd.<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 7 Cal.4th 503, 510\u2013511 [28 Cal.Rptr.2d 475, 869 P.2d 454], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhile criminal conspiracies involve distinct substantive wrongs, civil conspiracies do not involve separate torts. The doctrine provides a remedial measure for affixing liability to all persons who have \u2018agreed to a common design to commit a wrong.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Choate v. County of Orange<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 86 Cal.App.4th 312, 333 [103 Cal.Rptr.2d 339], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAs long as two or more persons agree to perform a wrongful act, the law places civil liability for the resulting damage on all of them, regardless of whether they actually commit the tort themselves. \u2018The effect of charging \u2026 conspiratorial conduct is to implicate all \u2026 who agree to the plan to commit the wrong as well as those who actually carry it out.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wyatt v. Union Mortgage Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1979) 24 Cal.3d 773, 784 [157 Cal.Rptr. 392, 598 P.2d 45], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTo support a conspiracy claim, a plaintiff must allege the following elements: \u2018(1) the formation and operation of the conspiracy, (2) wrongful conduct in furtherance of the conspiracy, and (3) damages arising from the wrongful conduct.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">AREI II Cases<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 1004, 1022 [157 Cal.Rptr.3d 368].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[T]he major significance of the conspiracy lies in the fact that it renders each participant in the wrongful act responsible as a joint tortfeasor for all damages ensuing from the wrong, irrespective of whether or not he was a direct actor and regardless of the degree of his activity.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Applied Equipment Corp., supra,<\/span>\u00a07 Cal.4th at p. 511, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA complaint for civil conspiracy states a cause of action only when it alleges the commission of a civil wrong that causes damage. Though conspiracy may render additional parties liable for the wrong, the conspiracy itself is not actionable without a wrong.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Okun v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1981) 29 Cal.3d 442, 454 [175 Cal.Rptr. 157, 629 P.2d 1369].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cDefendants seem to argue that an action for conspiracy must be based exclusively on tort principles, not on a statutory violation that provides civil penalties. No authority is cited for that proposition, and we cannot conceive of a basis for limiting conspiracy claims in that manner. It is sufficient that a conspiracy is based on an agreement to engage in unlawful conduct regardless of whether the conspiracy violates a duty imposed by tort law or a statute.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rickley v. Goodfriend<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 1136, 1158 [151 Cal.Rptr.3d 683].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[Defendant] finally argues, relying on federal or out-of-state authorities, that because [plaintiff] only alleged [driver] was negligent and the evidence does not permit a finding that either she or [driver] intended to harm anyone, there is no basis for liability; that there cannot be a civil conspiracy to commit a negligent act. We acknowledge there is a split within out-of-state authorities, most of which hold that parties cannot conspire to commit a negligent or unintentional act and such a conspiracy is a legal impossibility. [\u00b6] But the law in California remains that a civil conspiracy requires an express or tacit agreement only to commit a civil wrong or tort, which then renders all participants \u2018responsible \u2026 for all damages ensuing from the wrong \u2026\u2009.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Navarrete v. Meyer<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 1276, 1293 [188 Cal.Rptr.3d 623], footnote omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBecause civil conspiracy is so easy to allege, plaintiffs have a weighty burden to prove it. They must show that each member of the conspiracy acted in concert and came to a mutual understanding to accomplish a common and unlawful plan, and that one or more of them committed an overt act to further it. It is not enough that the conspiring officers knew of an intended wrongful act, they had to agree\u2014expressly or tacitly\u2014to achieve it. Unless there is such a meeting of the minds, \u2018the independent acts of two or more wrongdoers do not amount to a conspiracy.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Choate, supra,<\/span>\u00a086 Cal.App.4th at p. 333, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cConspiracies are typically proved by circumstantial evidence. \u2018[S]ince such participation, cooperation or unity of action is difficult to prove by direct evidence, it can be inferred from the nature of the act done, the relation of the parties, the interests of the alleged conspirators, and other circumstances.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rickley, supra<\/span>, 212 Cal.App.4th at p. 1166, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA cause of action for civil conspiracy may not arise \u2026 if the alleged conspirator, though a participant in the agreement underlying the injury, was not personally bound by the duty violated by the wrongdoing \u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Doctors\u2019 Co. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1989) 49 Cal.3d 39, 44 [260 Cal.Rptr. 183, 775 P.2d 508], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cConspiracy is not an independent tort; it cannot create a duty or abrogate an immunity. It allows tort recovery only against a party who already owes the duty and is not immune from liability based on applicable substantive tort law principles.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Applied Equipment Corp., supra,<\/span>\u00a07 Cal.4th at p. 514, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA conspiracy cannot be alleged as a tort separate from the underlying wrong it is organized to achieve. As long as the underlying wrongs are subject to privilege, defendants cannot be held liable for a conspiracy to commit those wrongs. Acting in concert with others does not destroy the immunity of defendants.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">McMartin v. Children\u2019s Institute International<\/span>\u00a0(1989) 212 Cal.App.3d 1393, 1406 [261 Cal.Rptr. 437], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe agree \u2026 that the general rule is that a party who is not personally bound by the duty violated may not be held liable for civil conspiracy even though it may have participated in the agreement underlying the injury. However, an exception to this rule exists when the participant acts in furtherance of its own financial gain.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mosier v. Southern California Physicians Insurance Exchange<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 1022, 1048 [74 Cal.Rptr.2d 550], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018The basis of a civil conspiracy is the formation of a group of two or more persons who have agreed to a common plan or design to commit a tortious act.\u2019 The conspiring defendants must also have actual knowledge that a tort is planned and concur in the tortious scheme with knowledge of its unlawful purpose.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kidron v. Movie Acquisition Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 40 Cal.App.4th 1571, 1582 [47 Cal.Rptr.2d 752], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cLiability as a co-conspirator depends upon projected joint action. \u2018The mere knowledge, acquiescence, or approval of the act, without co-operation or agreement to cooperate is not enough \u2026\u2009.\u2019 But once the plan for joint action is shown, \u2018a defendant may be held liable who in fact committed no overt act and gained no benefit therefrom.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wetherton v. Growers Farm Labor Assn.<\/span>\u00a0(1969) 275 Cal.App.2d 168, 176 [79 Cal.Rptr. 543], internal citations omitted, disapproved on another ground in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Applied Equipment Corp., supra,<\/span>\u00a07 Cal.4th at p. 521, fn. 10.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cFurthermore, the requisite concurrence and knowledge \u2018may be inferred from the nature of the acts done, the relation of the parties, the interests of the alleged conspirators, and other circumstances.\u2019 Tacit consent as well as express approval will suffice to hold a person liable as a coconspirator.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wyatt, supra,<\/span>\u00a024 Cal.3d at p. 785, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A]ctual knowledge of the planned tort, without more, is insufficient to serve as the basis for a conspiracy claim. Knowledge of the planned tort must be combined with intent to aid in its commission. \u2018The sine qua non of a conspiratorial agreement is the knowledge on the part of the alleged conspirators of its unlawful objective and their intent to aid in achieving that objective.\u2019 \u2018This rule derives from the principle that a person is generally under no duty to take affirmative action to aid or protect others.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kidron, supra,<\/span>\u00a040 Cal.App.4th at p. 1582, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhile knowledge and intent \u2018may be inferred from the nature of the acts done, the relation of the parties, the interest of the alleged conspirators, and other circumstances,\u2019 \u2018[c]onspiracies cannot be established by suspicions. There must be some evidence. Mere association does not make a conspiracy. There must be evidence of some participation or interest in the commission of the offense.\u2019 An inference must flow logically from other facts established in the action.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kidron, supra,<\/span>\u00a040 Cal.App.4th at p. 1583, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] nonfiduciary cannot conspire to breach a duty owed only by a fiduciary.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">American Master Lease LLC v. Idanta Partners, Ltd.<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1451, 1474 [171 Cal.Rptr.3d 548].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u2009151 et seq.<\/div>\n<div>Croskey et al., California Practice Guide: Insurance Litigation, Ch. 11-I,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Conspiracy<\/span>, \u00b6\u200911:167 et seq. (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 9,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Civil Conspiracy, Concerted Action, and Related Theories of Joint Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u20099.03\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>13\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 126,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Conspiracy<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009126.11\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>4\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 46,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Conspiracy<\/span>, \u00a7\u200946.20 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7h51kz-f9c933418b5c6e338f0eb5ec1ec511de hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5n3uvn-dd0160418f452be4efb6a691e74b3352\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-5n3uvn-dd0160418f452be4efb6a691e74b3352 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-5n3uvn-dd0160418f452be4efb6a691e74b3352 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2035","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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