{"id":2036,"date":"2021-10-25T03:54:37","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:54:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=2036"},"modified":"2022-05-09T17:37:36","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T17:37:36","slug":"caci-3710-ratification","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-3710-ratification\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 3710 Ratification"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv20xjsx-b4b8ec2a440f3a69ab97ded2147db0db\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv20xjsx-b4b8ec2a440f3a69ab97ded2147db0db{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kv20xjsx-b4b8ec2a440f3a69ab97ded2147db0db .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kv20xjsx-b4b8ec2a440f3a69ab97ded2147db0db 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class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv20yrfu-af448fca6fb35c6b7e184c0f637c3945\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kv20yrfu-af448fca6fb35c6b7e184c0f637c3945 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv20yrfu-af448fca6fb35c6b7e184c0f637c3945 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">3710\u00a0Ratification<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is responsible for the harm caused by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of agent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct because [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] approved that conduct after it occurred. If you find that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of agent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] harmed [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], you must decide whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] approved that conduct. To establish [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of agent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], although not authorized to do so, purported to act on behalf of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] learned of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of agent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s unauthorized conduct, and all of the material facts involved in the unauthorized transaction, after it occurred; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] then approved [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of agent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Approval can be shown through words, or it can be inferred from a person\u2019s conduct. [Approval can be inferred if [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] voluntarily keeps the benefits of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of agent<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s unauthorized conduct after [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/it] learns of it.] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised June 2016 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction is for use in a traditional principal-agent relationship. The last bracketed sentence should be read only if it is appropriate to the facts of the case.<\/p>\n<p>This instruction should not be given without modifications in an employment law case, in which an employee seeks to hold the employer liable for the tortious conduct of a supervisor or other employee. Ratification involves different considerations in employment law. For example, element 1 should not be given because it is not necessary for the culpable employee to purport to act on behalf of the employer. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ventura v. ABM Industries Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 212 Cal.App.4th 258, 271\u2013272 [150 Cal.Rptr.3d 861]\u00a0[CACI 3710\u00a0given without element 1].)<\/p>\n<p>For an instruction for use for governmental entity liability in a civil rights case under Title\u00a042 United States Code section 1983, see\u00a0CACI No. 3004,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Local Government Liability\u2014Act or Ratification by Official With Final Policymaking Authority\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Agency Created by Ratification.\u00a0Civil Code section 2307.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Ratification by Acceptance of Benefits.\u00a0Civil Code section 2310.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Partial Ratification.\u00a0Civil Code section 2311.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Vicarious Liability for Ratified Acts.\u00a0Civil Code section 2339.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cRatification is the subsequent adoption by one person of an act which another without authority assumed to do as his agent.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Anderson v. Fay Improv. Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1955) 134 Cal.App.2d 738, 748 [286 P.2d 513].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[S]ince ratification contemplates an act by one person in behalf of another, there must exist at the time the unauthorized act was done a relationship, either actual or assumed, of principal and agent, between the person alleged to have ratified and the person by whom the unauthorized act was done.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Anderson, supra<\/span>, 134 Cal.App.2d at p. 748, citing 2 California Jurisprudence 2d 741, section 83.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Furthermore, the prevailing view is that there can be no ratification if the person who performed the unauthorized act did not at the time profess to be an agent.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Anderson, supra<\/span>, 134 Cal.App.2d at p. 748, citing 2 California Jurisprudence 2d 741, section 83.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cRatification is the voluntary election by a person to adopt in some manner as his own an act which was purportedly done on his behalf by another person, the effect of which, as to some or all persons, is to treat the act as if originally authorized by him. A purported agent\u2019s act may be adopted expressly or it may be adopted by implication based on conduct of the purported principal from which an intention to consent to or adopt the act may be fairly inferred, including conduct which is \u2018inconsistent with any reasonable intention on his part, other than that he intended approving and adopting it.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rakestraw v. Rodrigues<\/span>\u00a0(1972) 8 Cal.3d 67, 73 [104 Cal.Rptr. 57, 500 P.2d 1401].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cRatification is essentially a matter of assent. Consequently, a principal is not bound by ratification unless he acts with knowledge of all the material facts involved in the unauthorized transaction, particularly with knowledge of the acts of the person who assumed to act as his agent. This knowledge is equally necessary whether the ratification be express or implied.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bate v. Marsteller<\/span>\u00a0(1959) 175 Cal.App.2d 573, 582 [346 P.2d 903].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cRatification is the subsequent adoption by one claiming the benefits of an act, which without authority, another has voluntarily done while ostensibly acting as the agent of him who affirms the act and who had the power to confer authority. A principal cannot split an agency transaction and accept the benefits thereof without the burdens.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Reusche v. California Pacific Title Ins. Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1965) 231 Cal.App.2d 731, 737 [42 Cal.Rptr. 262], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A]n employer may be liable for an employee\u2019s act where the employer \u2026 subsequently ratified an originally unauthorized tort. [Citations.] The failure to discharge an employee who has committed misconduct may be evidence of ratification. [Citation.] The theory of ratification is generally applied where an employer fails to investigate or respond to charges that an employee committed an intentional tort, such as assault or battery. [Citations.] Whether an employer has ratified an employee\u2019s conduct is generally a factual question. [Citation.]\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ventura, supra<\/span>, 212 Cal.App.4th at p. 272.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cOn this issue, the jury was instructed that in order to establish her claim that defendants were responsible for [supervisor]\u2019s conduct, [plaintiff] \u2018must prove \u2026 that [defendants] learned of [supervisor]\u2019s conduct after it occurred,\u2019 and that \u2018defendants approved [supervisor]\u2019s conduct.\u2019 The instruction concluded, \u2018Approval can be shown through words, or it can be inferred from a person\u2019s conduct.\u2019\u2009\u201d [\u00b6] Defendants contend that the instruction was erroneous because it did not tell the jury that there is ratification only if the employee intended to act on behalf of the employer, the employer actually knows that the wrongful conduct occurred, and the employer benefitted from the conduct, and that a disputed allegation is not actual knowledge.\u2009\u2026 We can see no error.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ventura, supra<\/span>, 212 Cal.App.4th at pp. 271\u2013272.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>3 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Agency and Employment, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009149\u2013153<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 8,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Vicarious Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u20098.04[7]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>2\u00a0California Employment Law, Ch. 30,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Employers\u2019 Tort Liability to Third Parties for Conduct of Employees<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200930.02,\u00a030.07\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>21\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 248,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Employer\u2019s Liability for Employee\u2019s Torts<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009248.13\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>37\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 427,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Principal and Agent<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009427.18 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>10\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 100A,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Employer and Employee: Respondeat Superior<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009100A.21 et seq. (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u20093:4 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-88lzfo-f2f24c63016537af08389bfa76838516 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6krhpg-c533445739d4cb43bef74d1fbc619de3\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-6krhpg-c533445739d4cb43bef74d1fbc619de3 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-6krhpg-c533445739d4cb43bef74d1fbc619de3 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2036","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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