{"id":2306,"date":"2021-10-25T03:57:28","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:57:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=2306"},"modified":"2022-05-09T20:49:14","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T20:49:14","slug":"caci-4603-whistleblower-protection-essential-factual-elements-lab-code-%c2%a7-1102-5","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-4603-whistleblower-protection-essential-factual-elements-lab-code-%c2%a7-1102-5\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 4603 Whistleblower Protection\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, \u00a7\u20091102.5)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv3hz8fl-90f32bc8230ce4cf79ad804a1e9d2f2a\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv3hz8fl-90f32bc8230ce4cf79ad804a1e9d2f2a{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kv3hz8fl-90f32bc8230ce4cf79ad804a1e9d2f2a .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kv3hz8fl-90f32bc8230ce4cf79ad804a1e9d2f2a .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kv3hz8fl-90f32bc8230ce4cf79ad804a1e9d2f2a av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 4603 Whistleblower Protection\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, \u00a7\u20091102.5)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv3i0ixy-b20e95e86dbbe33e0bc8fcea6cdc52b1\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kv3i0ixy-b20e95e86dbbe33e0bc8fcea6cdc52b1 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv3i0ixy-b20e95e86dbbe33e0bc8fcea6cdc52b1 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">4603\u00a0Whistleblower Protection\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Lab. Code, \u00a7\u20091102.5)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [discharged\/[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">other adverse employment action<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] in retaliation for [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [disclosure of information of\/refusal to participate in] an unlawful act. In order to establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s employer;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] disclosed\/[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] believed that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [had disclosed\/might disclose]] to a [government agency\/law enforcement agency\/person with authority over [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\/ [or] an employee with authority to investigate, discover, or correct legal [violations\/noncompliance]] that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify information disclosed<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">or<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [provided information to\/testified before] a public body that was conducting an investigation, hearing, or inquiry;]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">or<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] refused to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify activity in which plaintiff refused to participate<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had reasonable cause to believe that the information disclosed [a violation of a [state\/federal] statute\/[a violation of\/noncompliance with] a [local\/state\/federal] rule or regulation];]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">or<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had reasonable cause to believe that the [information provided to\/testimony before] the public body disclosed [a violation of a [state\/federal] statute\/[a violation of\/noncompliance with] a [local\/state\/federal] rule or regulation];]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">or<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s participation in [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify activity<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] would result in [a violation of a [state\/federal] statute\/[a violation of\/noncompliance with] a [local\/state\/federal] rule or regulation];]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [discharged\/[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">other adverse employment action<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">5.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s [disclosure of information\/refusal to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">specify<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] was a contributing factor in [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s decision to [discharge\/[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">other adverse employment action<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">6.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">7.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[The disclosure of policies that an employee believes to be merely unwise, wasteful, gross misconduct, or the like, is not protected. Instead, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must have reasonably believed that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s policies violated federal, state, or local statutes, rules, or regulations.]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[It is not [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s motivation for [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] disclosure, but only the content of that disclosure, that determines whether the disclosure is protected.]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[A disclosure is protected even though disclosing the information may be part of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s job duties.] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New December 2012; Revised June 2013, December 2013; Revoked June 2014; Restored and Revised December 2014; Renumbered from CACI No. 2730 and Revised June 2015; Revised June 2016, November 2019, May 2020 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>The whistleblower protection statute of the Labor Code prohibits retaliation against an employee who, or whose family member, discloses information about, or refuses to participate in, an illegal activity. (Lab. Code, \u00a7\u20091102.5(b),\u00a0(c), (h).) Liability may be predicated on retaliation by \u201cany person acting on behalf of the employer.\u201d (Lab. Code, \u00a7\u20091102.5(a)\u2212(d).) Select any of the optional paragraphs as appropriate to the facts of the case. For claims under\u00a0Labor Code section 1102.5(c), the plaintiff must show that the activity in question actually would result in a violation of or noncompliance with a statute, rule, or regulation, which is a legal determination that the court is required to make. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nejadian v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 40 Cal.App.5th 703, 719 [253 Cal.Rptr.3d 404].)<\/p>\n<p>Modifications to the instruction may be required if liability is predicated on an agency theory and the agent is also a defendant. Modifications will also be required if the retaliation is against an employee whose family member engaged in the protected activity.<\/p>\n<p>Select the first option for elements 2 and 3 for claims based on actual disclosure of information or a belief that plaintiff disclosed or might disclose information. (Cf.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rope v. Auto-Chlor System of Washington, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 635, 648\u2212649 [163 Cal.Rptr.3d 392]\u00a0[under prior version of statute, no liability for anticipatory or preemptive retaliation based on fear that plaintiff might file a complaint in the future].) Select the second options for providing information to or testifying before a public body conducting an investigation, hearing, or inquiry. Select the third options for refusal to participate in an unlawful activity, and instruct the jury that the court has made the determination that the specified activity would have been unlawful.<\/p>\n<p>It has been held that a report of publicly known facts is not a protected disclosure. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mize-Kurzman v. Marin Community College Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 202 Cal.App.4th 832, 858 [136 Cal.Rptr.3d 259].) Another court, however, has held that protection is not necessarily limited to the first public employee to report unlawful acts to the employer. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hager v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 1538, 1548\u22121553 [176 Cal.Rptr.3d 268]; see\u00a0Lab. Code, \u00a7\u20091102.5(b), (e).)<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAdverse employment action\u201d is viewed the same as it is under the Fair Employment and Housing Act. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Patten v. Grant Joint Union High School Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 1378, 1387 [37 Cal.Rptr.3d 113]; see\u00a0CACI No. 2505,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Retaliation\u2014Essential Factual Elements.<\/span>) Element 4 may be modified to allege constructive discharge or adverse acts that might not be obviously prejudicial. See\u00a0CACI No. 2509,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">\u201cAdverse Employment Action\u201d Explained,<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0CACI No. 2510,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">\u201cConstructive Discharge\u201d Explained,<\/span>\u00a0for instructions that may be adapted for use with this instruction.<\/p>\n<p>The employee must demonstrate by a preponderance of evidence that a protected activity was a contributing factor in the adverse action against the employee. The employer may then attempt to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the action would have been taken anyway for legitimate, independent reasons even if the employee had not engaged in the protected activities. (See\u00a0Lab. Code, \u00a7\u20091102.6;\u00a0CACI No. 4604,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Affirmative Defense\u2014Same Decision<\/span>.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Retaliation Against Whistleblower Prohibited.\u00a0Labor Code section 1102.5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Affirmative Defense: Same Decision.\u00a0Labor Code section 1102.6.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe elements of a section 1102.5(b) retaliation cause of action require that (1) the plaintiff establish a prima facie case of retaliation, (2) the defendant provide a legitimate, nonretaliatory explanation for its acts, and (3) the plaintiff show this explanation is merely a pretext for the retaliation. [\u00b6] We are concerned here with the first element of a section 1102.5(b) retaliation claim, establishing a prima facie case of retaliation. To do that, a plaintiff must show (1) she engaged in a protected activity, (2) her employer subjected her to an adverse employment action, and (3) there is a causal link between the two.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Patten<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 134 Cal.App.4th at p. 1384, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn order to prove a claim under section 1102.5(b), the plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of retaliation. It is well-established that such a prima facie case includes proof of the plaintiff\u2019s employment status.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bennett v. Rancho California Water Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 35 Cal.App.5th 908, 921 [248 Cal.Rptr.3d 21], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn 1984, our Legislature provided \u2018whistle-blower\u2019 protection in section 1102.5, subdivision (b), stating that an employer may not retaliate against an employee for disclosing a violation of state or federal regulation to a governmental or law enforcement agency. This provision reflects the broad public policy interest in encouraging workplace whistle-blowers to report unlawful acts without fearing retaliation. Section 1102.5, subdivision (b), concerns employees who report to public agencies. It does not protect plaintiff, who reported his suspicions directly to his employer. Nonetheless, it does show the Legislature\u2019s interest in encouraging employees to report workplace activity that may violate important public policies that the Legislature has stated. The state\u2019s whistle-blower statute includes administrative regulations as a policy source for reporting an employer\u2019s wrongful acts and grants employees protection against retaliatory termination. Thus, our Legislature believes that fundamental public policies embodied in regulations are sufficiently important to justify encouraging employees to challenge employers who ignore those policies.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Green v. Ralee Engineering Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 19 Cal.4th 66, 76\u201377 [78 Cal.Rptr.2d 16, 960 P.2d 1046].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he purpose of \u2026 section 1102.5(b) \u2018is to \u2018\u2009\u201cencourag[e] workplace whistle-blowers to report unlawful acts without fearing retaliation.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Diego v. Pilgrim United Church of Christ<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 913, 923 [180 Cal.Rptr.3d 359].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cOnce it is determined that the activity would result in a violation or noncompliance with a statute, rule, or regulation, the jury must then determine whether the plaintiff refused to participate in that activity and, if so, whether that refusal was a contributing factor in the defendant\u2019s decision to impose an adverse employment action on the plaintiff.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nejadian, supra,<\/span>\u00a040 Cal.App.5th at p. 719.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAs a general proposition, we conclude the court could properly craft instructions in conformity with law developed in federal cases interpreting the federal whistleblower statute. As the court acknowledged, it was not bound by such federal interpretations. Nevertheless, the court could properly conclude that the jury required guidance as to what did and did not constitute \u2018disclosing information\u2019 or a \u2018protected disclosure\u2019 under the California statutes.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mize-Kurzman<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 847.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe court erred in failing to distinguish between the disclosure of policies that plaintiff believed to be unwise, wasteful, gross misconduct or the like, which are subject to the [debatable differences of opinion concerning policy matters] limitation, and the disclosure of policies that plaintiff reasonably believed violated federal or state statutes, rules, or regulations, which are not subject to this limitation, even if these policies were also claimed to be unwise, wasteful or to constitute gross misconduct.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mize-Kurzman<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 202 Cal.App.4th at pp. 852\u2013853.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]t is not the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">motive<\/span>\u00a0of the asserted whistleblower, but the nature of the communication that determines whether it is covered.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mize-Kurzman<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 852, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]f we interpret section 1102.5 to require an employee to go to a different public agency or directly to a law enforcement agency before he or she can be assured of protection from retaliation, we would be encouraging public employees who suspected wrongdoing to do nothing at all. Under the scenario envisioned by the [defendant], if the employee reports his or her suspicions to the agency,\u2009\u2026\u2009, he or she will have to suffer any retaliatory conduct with no legal recourse. If the employee reports suspicions to an outside agency or law enforcement personnel, he or she risks subjecting the agency to negative publicity and loss of public support which could ensue without regard to whether the charges prove to be true. At the same time, a serious rift in the employment relationship will have occurred because the employee did not go through official channels within the agency which was prepared to investigate the charges. We see no reason to interpret the statute to create such anomalous results.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Gardenhire v. Housing Authority<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 236, 243 [101 Cal.Rptr.2d 893].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cLabor Code section 1102.5, subdivision (b)\u00a0protects employee reports of unlawful activity by third parties such as contractors and employees, as well [as] unlawful activity by an employer. In support of our conclusion, we note that an employer may have a financial motive to suppress reports of illegal conduct by employees and contractors that reflect poorly on that employer.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">McVeigh v. Recology San Francisco<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 443, 471 [152 Cal.Rptr.3d 595], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe are persuaded that [instructing the jury that reporting publicly known facts is not a protected disclosure] was a proper limitation on what constitutes disclosure protected by California law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mize-Kurzman<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 858.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe report of \u2018publicly known\u2019 information or \u2018already known\u2019 information is distinct from a rule in which only the first employee to report or disclose unlawful conduct is entitled to protection from whistleblower retaliation.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hager, supra<\/span>, 228 Cal.App.4th at p. 1552.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cProtection only to the first employee to disclose unlawful acts would defeat the legislative purpose of protecting workplace whistleblowers, as employees would not come forward to report unlawful conduct for fear that someone else already had done so. The \u2018first report\u2019 rule would discourage whistleblowing. Thus, the [defendant]\u2019s interpretation is a disincentive to report unlawful conduct. We see no such reason to interpret the statute in a manner that would contradict the purpose of the statute.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hager, supra<\/span>, 228 Cal.App.4th at p. 1550.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cMatters such as transferring employees, writing up employees, and counseling employees are personnel matters. \u2018To exalt these exclusively internal personnel disclosures with whistleblower status would create all sorts of mischief. Most damagingly, it would thrust the judiciary into micromanaging employment practices and create a legion of undeserving protected \u201cwhistleblowers\u201d arising from the routine workings and communications of the job site.\u2009\u2026\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mueller v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 809, 822 [98 Cal.Rptr.3d 281].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018A wrongful termination action is viable where the employee alleges he [or she] was terminated for reporting illegal activity which could cause harm, not only to the interests of the employer but also to the public.\u2019 \u2018An action brought under the whistleblower statute is inherently such an action.\u2019 To preclude a whistleblower from revealing improper conduct by the government based on confidentiality would frustrate the legislative intent underlying the whistleblower statutes. For reasons of public policy, actions against a public entity for claims of discharge from or termination of employment grounded on a whistleblower claim are not barred by governmental immunity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Whitehall v. County of San Bernardino<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 17 Cal.App.5th 352, 365 [225 Cal.Rptr.3d 321], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough [the plaintiff] did not expressly state in his disclosures that he believed the County was violating or not complying with a specific state or federal law,\u00a0Labor Code section 1102.5, subdivision (b), does not require such an express statement. It requires only that an employee disclose information and that the employee reasonably believe the information discloses unlawful activity.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ross v. County of Riverside<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 580, 592\u2013593 [248 Cal.Rptr.3d 696].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>3 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Agency and Employment, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009373, 374<\/div>\n<div>Chin et al., California Practice Guide: Employment Litigation, Ch. 5(II)-A,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Retaliation Under Title VII and FEHA<\/span>, \u00b6\u20095:1538 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>Chin et al., California Practice Guide: Employment Litigation, Ch. 5-L,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Employment Torts And Related Claims: Other Statutory Claims<\/span>, \u00b6\u20095:894 et seq. (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>4\u00a0Wilcox, California Employment Law, Ch. 60,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Liability for Wrongful Termination and Discipline<\/span>, \u00a7\u200960.03[2][c]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>11\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 249,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Employment Law: Termination and Discipline<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009249.12,\u00a0249.15\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>10\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 100,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Public Entities and Officers: False Claims Actions<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009100.42 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7z99qa-ff9f5f74fa0f2ddd6979468a91199ccb hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5pwlmq-97ca2c0232e6f7ac43e90ebf8f96d26d\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-5pwlmq-97ca2c0232e6f7ac43e90ebf8f96d26d .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-5pwlmq-97ca2c0232e6f7ac43e90ebf8f96d26d '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2306","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CACI 4603 Whistleblower Protection\u2014Essential Factual Elements (Lab. 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