{"id":2363,"date":"2021-10-25T03:56:55","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:56:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=2363"},"modified":"2022-05-09T20:16:22","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T20:16:22","slug":"caci-4420-affirmative-defense-information-was-readily-ascertainable-by-proper-means","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-4420-affirmative-defense-information-was-readily-ascertainable-by-proper-means\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 4420 Affirmative Defense\u2014Information Was Readily Ascertainable by Proper Means"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv3fkqal-7a8ca4cae2def060dccadadc09661246\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv3fkqal-7a8ca4cae2def060dccadadc09661246{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody 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avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv3flvwn-11f89d6e96f95435549318eba4b39f7c\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kv3flvwn-11f89d6e96f95435549318eba4b39f7c .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv3flvwn-11f89d6e96f95435549318eba4b39f7c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">4420\u00a0Affirmative Defense\u2014Information Was Readily Ascertainable by Proper Means<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not misappropriate [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s trade secret[s] if [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves that the [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">select short term to describe, e.g., information<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [was\/were] readily ascertainable by proper means at the time of the alleged [acquisition\/use\/ [or] disclosure].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">There is no fixed standard for determining what is \u201creadily ascertainable by proper means.\u201d In general, information is readily ascertainable if it can be obtained, discovered, developed, or compiled without significant difficulty, effort, or expense. For example, information is readily ascertainable if it is available in trade journals, reference books, or published materials. On the other hand, the more difficult information is to obtain, and the more time and resources that must be expended in gathering it, the less likely it is that the information is readily ascertainable by proper means. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New December 2007; Revised December 2009 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Give also\u00a0CACI No. 4408,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Improper Means of Acquiring Trade Secret<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>One case has suggested in a footnote that in order for the defense to apply, the defendant must have actually obtained plaintiff\u2019s secrets through readily ascertainable means rather than improperly. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">ABBA Rubber Co. v. Seaquist<\/span>\u00a0(1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 1, 21\u201322, fn. 9 [286 Cal.Rptr. 518].) Such a requirement would not constitute an affirmative defense but rather would be a denial of the improper-means element of the plaintiff\u2019s claim. (See 5 Witkin, California Procedure (4th ed. 1996) Pleadings, \u00a7\u20091081 [affirmative defense admits the truth of the essential allegations of the complaint].) Because the advisory committee believes that this is an affirmative defense, no such requirement has been included in this instruction. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">San Jose Construction, Inc. v. S.B.C.C., Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 1528, 1542\u20131543 [67 Cal.Rptr.3d 54]\u00a0[triable issue of fact as to whether information was readily ascertainable, that is, whether defendant\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">could have<\/span>\u00a0replicated it within short period of time].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cTrade Secret\u201d Defined.\u00a0Civil Code section 3426.1(d)(1).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe Legislative Committee Comment [to\u00a0Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20093426.1] further explains the original draft defined a trade secret in part as \u2018not being readily ascertainable by proper means\u2019 and that \u2018the assertion that a matter is readily ascertainable by proper means remains available as a defense to a claim of misappropriation. Information is readily ascertainable if it is available in trade journals, reference books, or published materials.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">DVD Copy Control Assn., Inc. v. Bunner<\/span>\u00a0(2003) 31 Cal.4th 864, 899], conc. opn. of\u00a0Werdegar, J.; see Legis. Comm. Comment (Senate), 1984 Addition.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe focus of the first part of the statutory definition is on whether the information is generally known to or readily ascertainable by business competitors or others to whom the information would have some economic value. Information that is readily ascertainable by a business competitor derives no independent value from not being generally known.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc. v. Helliker<\/span>\u00a0(2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 1135, 1172 [42 Cal.Rptr.3d 191], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWith respect to the general availability of customer information, courts are reluctant to protect customer lists to the extent they embody information which is \u2018readily ascertainable\u2019 through public sources, such as business directories. On the other hand, where the employer has expended time and effort identifying customers with particular needs or characteristics, courts will prohibit former employees from using this information to capture a share of the market. Such lists are to be distinguished from mere identities and locations of customers where anyone could easily identify the entities as potential customers. As a general principle, the more difficult information is to obtain, and the more time and resources expended by an employer in gathering it, the more likely a court will find such information constitutes a trade secret.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Morlife, Inc. v. Perry<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 1514, 1521\u20131522 [66 Cal.Rptr.2d 731], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[Defendant] argues that even if reverse engineering \u2026 did not actually occur, the binder contents were not trade secrets because they could have been reverse engineered\u2014that is, they were readily ascertainable. \u2026 Considering the length of time that each proposal took to create and finalize and the urgency with which four of the project owners impressed upon the prospective contractors to begin the work, we cannot overlook the possibility that the information was not readily ascertainable in the circumstances presented. \u2026 Thus, a triable issue of fact exists as to whether the entire proposal for each project was indeed readily ascertainable\u2014that is, whether [defendant] could have replicated each offer within the short period it claimed to have needed.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">San Jose Construction, Inc., supra,<\/span>\u00a0155 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1542\u20131543, footnote omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhile ease of ascertainability is irrelevant to the definition of a trade secret, \u2018the assertion that a matter is readily ascertainable by proper means remains available as a defense to a claim of misappropriation.\u2019 Therefore, if the defendants can convince the finder of fact at trial (1) that \u2018it is a virtual certainty that anyone who manufactures\u2019 certain types of products uses rubber rollers, (2) that the manufacturers of those products are easily identifiable, and (3) that the defendants\u2019 knowledge of the plaintiff\u2019s customers resulted from that identification process and not from the plaintiff\u2019s records, then the defendants may establish a defense to the misappropriation claim. That defense, however, will be based upon an absence of misappropriation, rather than the absence of a trade secret.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">ABBA Rubber Co., supra,<\/span>\u00a0235 Cal.App.3d at pp. 21\u201322, fn. 9, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he evidence established that [plaintiff]\u2019s customer list and related information was the product of a substantial amount of time, expense and effort on the part of [plaintiff]. Moreover, the nature and character of the subject customer information, i.e., billing rates, key contacts, specialized requirements and markup rates, is sophisticated information and irrefutably of commercial value and not readily ascertainable to other competitors. Thus, [plaintiff\u2019s] customer list and related proprietary information satisfy the first prong of the definition of \u2018trade secret\u2019 under section 3426.1.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Courtesy Temporary Serv., Inc. v. Camacho<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 1278, 1288 [272 Cal.Rptr. 352].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn viewing the evidence presented in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, it is difficult to find a protectable trade secret as that term exists under\u00a0Civil Code section 3426.1, subdivision (d). While the information sought to be protected here, that is lists of customers who operate manufacturing concerns and who need shipping supplies to ship their products to market, may not be generally known to the public, they certainly would be known or readily ascertainable to other persons in the shipping business. The compilation process in this case is neither sophisticated nor difficult nor particularly time consuming. The evidence presented shows that the shipping business is very competitive and that manufacturers will often deal with more than one company at a time. There is no evidence that all of appellant\u2019s competition comes from respondents\u2019 new employer. Obviously, all the competitors have secured the same information that appellant claims and, in all likelihood, did so in the same manner as appellant\u2014a process described herein by respondents.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">American Paper &amp; Packaging Prods., Inc. v. Kirgan<\/span>\u00a0(1986) 183 Cal.App.3d 1318, 1326 [228 Cal.Rptr. 713].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>1\u00a0Milgrim on Trade Secrets, Ch. 1,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Definitional Aspects<\/span>, \u00a7\u20091.07[1]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>3 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 40,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fraud and Deceit and Other Business Torts<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200940.52[1],\u00a040.53[1][b]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>49\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 565,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Unfair Competition<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009565.103[4][a]\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-r57aj-2289fb3379ef996ab2e0e4d03c0a21e9 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-58ho8b-4dd961213f060fc1c49d9f4a3f8b0628\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-58ho8b-4dd961213f060fc1c49d9f4a3f8b0628 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-58ho8b-4dd961213f060fc1c49d9f4a3f8b0628 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2363","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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