{"id":2364,"date":"2021-10-25T03:56:55","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:56:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=2364"},"modified":"2022-05-09T20:17:04","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T20:17:04","slug":"caci-4421-affirmative-defense-statute-of-limitations-three-year-limit-civ-code-%c2%a7-3426-6","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-4421-affirmative-defense-statute-of-limitations-three-year-limit-civ-code-%c2%a7-3426-6\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 4421 Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations\u2014Three-Year Limit (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20093426.6)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv3fm8k5-8cf76ae57f9257a35cbe96abc74fcb8c\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv3fm8k5-8cf76ae57f9257a35cbe96abc74fcb8c{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kv3fm8k5-8cf76ae57f9257a35cbe96abc74fcb8c .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kv3fm8k5-8cf76ae57f9257a35cbe96abc74fcb8c .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kv3fm8k5-8cf76ae57f9257a35cbe96abc74fcb8c av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 4421 Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations\u2014Three-Year Limit (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20093426.6)<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv3fn9wq-c346e64120fcf922a1da4361ca095de1\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kv3fn9wq-c346e64120fcf922a1da4361ca095de1 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv3fn9wq-c346e64120fcf922a1da4361ca095de1 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">4421\u00a0Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations\u2014Three-Year Limit (Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20093426.6)<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s lawsuit was not filed within the time set by law. To succeed on this defense, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove that the claimed misappropriation of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s trade secrets occurred before [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert date three years before date of filing<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">However, the lawsuit was still filed on time if [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves that before [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert date three years before date of filing<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/it] did not discover, nor with reasonable diligence should have discovered, facts that would have caused a reasonable person to suspect that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] had misappropriated [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">select short term to describe, e.g., information<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New April 2009 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Give this instruction if the California Unif orm Trade Secrets Act statute of limitations is at issue. (See\u00a0Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20093426.6.) In an action in which the defendant is or was a customer of the initial misappropriator, modifications may be required. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cypress Semiconductor Corp. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 575 [77 Cal.Rptr.3d 685].)<\/p>\n<p>It is not necessary that the plaintiff know the identity of the defendant in order to trigger the duty to discover. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cypress Semiconductor Corp., supra,<\/span>\u00a0163 Cal.App.4th at p. 587.) Therefore, \u201c[<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span>]\u201d in the last sentence will need to be modified if inquiry notice may have been triggered against an actual, but unidentified, misappropriator. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cypress Semiconductor Corp., supra,<\/span>\u00a0163 Cal.App.4th at p. 585.)<\/p>\n<p>This instruction places the burden on the plaintiff to prove that it did not know nor have any reason to suspect the misappropriation earlier than three years before filing. (See\u00a0Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20093426.6.) This is the rule for the burden of proof under the nonstatutory delayed-discovery rule. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Glue-Fold, Inc. v. Slautterback Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1018, 1030 [98 Cal.Rptr.2d 661];\u00a0CACI No. 455,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Statute of Limitations\u2014Delayed Discovery<\/span>.) Certain statutes that have their own delayed discovery language (as does\u00a0Civil Code section 3426.6) have been construed to place the burden on the defendant to prove that the plaintiff knew or should have suspected the facts giving rise to the cause of action earlier than the limitation date. (See, e.g.,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Samuels v. Mix<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 22 Cal.4th 1, 8\u201310 [91 Cal.Rptr.2d 273, 989 P.2d 701]\u00a0[construing\u00a0Code Civ. Proc., \u00a7\u2009340.6\u00a0on legal malpractice];\u00a0CACI No. 610,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations\u2014Attorney Malpractice\u2014One-Year Limit<\/span>.) No court has construed\u00a0Civil Code section 3426.6\u00a0to transfer the burden of proof on delayed discovery to the defendant, so presumably the burden of proof remains with the plaintiff under the nonstatutory rule. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Statute of Limitations.\u00a0Civil Code section 3426.6.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe unanimous conclusion of courts considering the issue\u2014i.e., from federal courts construing section 3426.6\u2014is that it is the first discovered (or discoverable) misappropriation of a trade secret which commences the limitation period.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Glue-Fold, Inc., supra,<\/span>\u00a082 Cal.App.4th at p. 1026.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe statute is triggered when the plaintiff knows or has reason to know the third party has knowingly acquired, used, or disclosed its trade secrets.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cypress Semiconductor Corp., supra<\/span>, 163 Cal.App.4th 585.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he misappropriation that triggers the running of the statute is that which the plaintiff suspects, not that which may or may not actually exist.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cypress Semiconductor Corp., supra,<\/span>\u00a0163 Cal.App.4th at p. 587.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] plaintiff may have more than one\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">claim<\/span>\u00a0for misappropriation, each with its own statute of limitations, when more than one defendant is involved. This is different from saying that each\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">misappropriation<\/span>\u00a0gives rise to a separate claim, which is what section 3426.6 precludes.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cypress Semiconductor Corp., supra,<\/span>\u00a0163 Cal.App.4th at p. 583, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">misappropriation<\/span>\u00a0within the meaning of the UTSA occurs not only at the time of the initial acquisition of the trade secret by wrongful means, but also with each misuse or wrongful disclosure of the secret. But a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">claim<\/span>\u00a0for misappropriation of a trade secret arises for a given plaintiff against a given defendant only once, at the time of the initial misappropriation, subject to the discovery rule provided in section 3426.6. Each new misuse or wrongful disclosure is viewed as augmenting a single claim of continuing misappropriation rather than as giving rise to a separate claim.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cadence Design Systems, Inc. v. Avant! Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2002) 29 Cal.4th 215, 223 [127 Cal.Rptr.2d 169, 57 P.3d 647], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt [is appropriate] to construe section 3426.6 as meaning that a cause of action for misappropriation against a third party defendant accrues with the plaintiff\u2019s discovery of that defendant\u2019s misappropriation. Any continuing misappropriation by that defendant constitutes a single claim.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cypress Semiconductor Corp., supra,<\/span>\u00a0163 Cal.App.4th at p. 583.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIf someone steals a trade secret and then sells it to a third party, when does the statute of limitations begin to run on any misappropriation claim the trade secret owner might have against the third party? \u2026 We conclude that with respect to the element of knowledge, the statute of limitations on a cause of action for misappropriation begins to run when the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">plaintiff<\/span>\u00a0has any reason to suspect that the third party knows or reasonably should know that the information is a trade secret. The third party\u2019s actual state of mind does not affect the running of the statute.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cypress Semiconductor Corp., supra,<\/span>\u00a0163 Cal.App.4th at p. 579, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWe conclude that the trial court erred in ruling, under the stipulated facts, that the statute of limitations did not begin to run until August 2003, when [defendant] actually learned that the DynaSpice program contained [plaintiff]\u2019s trade secrets. Rather, the question is: When did [plaintiff] first have any reason to suspect that a \u2026 customer [of the initial misappropriator] had obtained or used DynaSpice knowing,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">or with reason to know,<\/span>\u00a0that the software contained [plaintiff]\u2019s trade secrets?\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cypress Semiconductor Corp., supra,<\/span>\u00a0163 Cal.App.4th at p. 588, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]t is not necessary that the plaintiff be able to identify the person or persons causing the harm. Since the identity of the defendant is not an element of a cause of action, the failure to discover the identity of the defendant does not postpone accrual of the cause of action. \u2018\u2009\u201cAlthough never fully articulated, the rationale for distinguishing between ignorance\u201d of the defendant and \u201cignorance\u201d of the cause of action itself \u201cappears to be premised on the commonsense assumption that once the plaintiff is aware of\u201d the latter, he \u201cnormally\u201d has \u201csufficient opportunity,\u201d within the \u201capplicable limitations period,\u201d \u201cto discover the identity\u201d of the former.\u2019 In this case, therefore, the statute began to run when [plaintiff] had any reason to suspect that the CSI customers knew or should have known that they had acquired [plaintiff]\u2019s trade secrets.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cypress Semiconductor Corp., supra,<\/span>\u00a0163 Cal.App.4th at p. 587, internal citations omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>13 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Equity, \u00a7\u200991<\/div>\n<div>Gaab &amp; Reese, California Practice Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial\u2014Claims &amp; Defenses, Ch. 11(I)-D \u00b6\u00b6\u200911:250\u201311:252 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>3 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 40,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fraud and Deceit and Other Business Torts<\/span>, \u00a7\u200940.55\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>49\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 565,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Unfair Competition<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009565.274\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>Matthew Bender Practice Guide: California Unfair Competition and Business Torts, Ch. 8,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Trade Secrets<\/span>, 8.28<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-7a1kb0-00d8930417ce8deaac5cd1658b1c7ca7 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5gh3gc-f7dad617e0d02c67c6df81355ef03922\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-5gh3gc-f7dad617e0d02c67c6df81355ef03922 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-5gh3gc-f7dad617e0d02c67c6df81355ef03922 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2364","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CACI 4421 Affirmative Defense\u2014Statute of Limitations\u2014Three-Year Limit (Civ. 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