{"id":309,"date":"2021-10-25T03:53:49","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:53:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=309"},"modified":"2022-05-02T19:28:34","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T19:28:34","slug":"caci-332-affirmative-defense-duress","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-332-affirmative-defense-duress\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 332 Affirmative Defense\u2014Duress"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku560cv7-b062db09c44e8fe35639cd6889053f9e\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku560cv7-b062db09c44e8fe35639cd6889053f9e{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku560cv7-b062db09c44e8fe35639cd6889053f9e .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku560cv7-b062db09c44e8fe35639cd6889053f9e 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data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku561n3g-99a60abe78b8f4252f9d89c37fdb96ff\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku561n3g-99a60abe78b8f4252f9d89c37fdb96ff .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku561n3g-99a60abe78b8f4252f9d89c37fdb96ff '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">332\u00a0Affirmative Defense\u2014Duress<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that there was no contract because [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] consent was given under duress. To succeed, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] used a wrongful act or wrongful threat to pressure [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] into consenting to the contract;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was so afraid or intimidated by the wrongful act or wrongful threat that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not have the free will to refuse to consent to the contract; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] would not have consented to the contract without the wrongful act or wrongful threat.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">An act or a threat is wrongful if [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert relevant rule\u2014e.g., \u201ca criminal act is threatened\u201d<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">If you decide that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] has proved all of the above, then no contract was created. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised December 2005 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Use\u00a0CACI No.\u2002333,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Affirmative Defense\u2014Economic Duress,<\/span>\u00a0in cases involving economic duress. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">When Consent Not Freely Given.\u00a0Civil Code sections 1567,\u00a01568.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Duress.\u00a0Civil Code section 1569.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Menace.\u00a0Civil Code section 1570.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cMenace\u201d is considered to be duress: \u201cUnder the modern rule, \u2018\u2009\u201c[d]uress, which includes whatever destroys one\u2019s free agency and constrains [her] to do what is against [her] will, may be exercised by threats, importunity or any species of mental coercion. It is shown where a party \u2018intentionally used threats or pressure to induce action or nonaction to the other party\u2019s detriment.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019 The coercion must induce the assent of the coerced party, who has no reasonable alternative to succumbing.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">In re Marriage of Baltins<\/span>\u00a0(1989) 212 Cal.App.3d 66, 84 [260 Cal.Rptr. 403], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cDuress envisions some unlawful action by a party by which one\u2019s consent is obtained through fear or threats.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Keithley v. Civil Service Bd. of The City of Oakland<\/span>\u00a0(1970) 11 Cal.App.3d 443, 450 [89 Cal.Rptr. 809], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Duress is found only where fear is intentionally used as a means of procuring consent: \u201c[A]n action for duress and menace cannot be sustained when the voluntary action of the apprehensive party is induced by his speculation upon or anticipation of a future event suggested to him by the defendant but not threatened to induce his conduct. The issue in each instance is whether the defendant intentionally exerted an unlawful pressure on the injured party to deprive him of contractual volition and induce him to act to his own detriment.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Goldstein v. Enoch<\/span>\u00a0(1967) 248 Cal.App.2d 891, 894\u2013895 [57 Cal.Rptr. 19].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">It is wrongful to use the threat of criminal prosecution to obtain a consent: \u201cCalifornia law is clear that an agreement obtained by threat of criminal prosecution constitutes menace and is unenforceable as against public policy.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bayscene Resident Negotiators v. Bayscene Mobilehome Park<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 119, 127 [18 Cal.Rptr.2d 626].) However, a threat of legitimate civil action is not considered wrongful: \u201c[T]he action or threat in duress or menace must be unlawful, and a threat to take legal action is not unlawful unless the party making the threat knows the falsity of his claim.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Odorizzi v. Bloomfield School Dist.<\/span>\u00a0(1966) 246 Cal.App.2d 123, 128 [54 Cal.Rptr. 533].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Standard duress is evaluated under a subjective standard: \u201cThe question in each case [is], Was the person so acted upon by threats of the person claiming the benefit of the contract, for the purpose of obtaining such contract, as to be bereft of the quality of mind essential to the making of a contract, and was the contract thereby obtained? Hence, under this theory duress is to be tested, not by the nature of the threats, but rather by the state of mind induced thereby in the victim.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">In re Marriage of Gonzalez<\/span>\u00a0(1976) 57 Cal.App.3d 736, 744 [129 Cal.Rptr. 566].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">The wrongful acts of a third party may constitute duress sufficient to allow rescission of a contract with a party, who, although not participating in those wrongful acts, had knowledge of the innocent party\u2019s position. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Leeper v. Beltrami<\/span>\u00a0(1959) 53 Cal.2d 195, 205\u2013206 [1 Cal.Rptr. 12, 347 P.2d 12].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[Defendant has] the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence the affirmative of the issues of duress and plaintiff\u2019s default.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Fio Rito v. Fio Rito<\/span>\u00a0(1961) 194 Cal.App.2d 311, 322 [14 Cal.Rptr. 845]; cf.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Stevenson v. Stevenson<\/span>\u00a0(1940) 36 Cal.App.2d 494, 500 [97 P.2d 982].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>1 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Contracts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009310\u2013316<\/div>\n<div>17\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 215,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Duress, Menace, Fraud, Undue Influence, and Mistake,<\/span>\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7\u2009215.20\u2013215.21,\u00a0215.23\u2013215.28,\u00a0215.120\u2013215.121\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>9\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 92,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Duress, Menace, Fraud, Undue Influence, and Mistake<\/span>, \u00a7\u200992.20 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>27\u00a0California Legal Forms, Ch. 77,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Discharge of Obligations,<\/span>\u00a0\u00a7\u200977.351\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1\u00a0Matthew Bender Practice Guide: California Contract Litigation, Ch. 8,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Seeking or Opposing Equitable Remedies in Contract Actions<\/span>, 8.07<\/div>\n<div>1\u00a0Matthew Bender Practice Guide: California Contract Litigation, Ch. 17,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Attacking or Defending Existence of Contract\u2014Fraud, Duress, Menace, and Undue Influence<\/span>, 17.03\u201317.06, 17.20\u201317.24[1]<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-rgqdh-26422acf39a88866805891a4b9d0f8e3 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-nrxid-fcf5e4025e6fe16838e49da0aa14e468\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-nrxid-fcf5e4025e6fe16838e49da0aa14e468 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-nrxid-fcf5e4025e6fe16838e49da0aa14e468 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-309","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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