{"id":321,"date":"2021-10-25T04:04:08","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:04:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=321"},"modified":"2022-05-02T19:39:21","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T19:39:21","slug":"caci-351-special-damages","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-351-special-damages\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 351 Special Damages"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku56kt2h-f0e047ecee5ee09984e4862edbba80e6\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku56kt2h-f0e047ecee5ee09984e4862edbba80e6{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku56kt2h-f0e047ecee5ee09984e4862edbba80e6 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku56kt2h-f0e047ecee5ee09984e4862edbba80e6 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku56kt2h-f0e047ecee5ee09984e4862edbba80e6 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 351 Special Damages<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 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data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku56lz5j-5eb1e2fce82fc5badeb33d155c344a43\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku56lz5j-5eb1e2fce82fc5badeb33d155c344a43 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku56lz5j-5eb1e2fce82fc5badeb33d155c344a43 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">351\u00a0Special Damages<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [also] claims damages for [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">identify special damages<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">To recover for this harm, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove that when the parties made the contract, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] knew or reasonably should have known of the special circumstances leading to the harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Before giving this instruction, the judge should determine whether a particular item of damage qualifies as \u201cspecial.\u201d <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Measure of Contract Damages.\u00a0Civil Code section 3300.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Unlike general damages, special damages are those losses that do not arise directly and inevitably from any similar breach of any similar agreement. Instead, they are secondary or derivative losses arising from circumstances that are particular to the contract or to the parties. Special damages are recoverable if the special or particular circumstances from which they arise were actually communicated to or known by the breaching party (a subjective test) or were matters of which the breaching party should have been aware at the time of contracting (an objective test). [Citations.] Special damages \u201cwill not be presumed from the mere breach\u201d but represent loss that \u2018occurred by reason of injuries following from\u2019 the breach.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Schellinger Brothers v. Cotter<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 984, 1010 [207 Cal.Rptr.3d 82].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cSpecial damages must fall within the rule of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hadley v. Baxendale<\/span>,\u2009\u2026 that is, they must reasonably be supposed to have been contemplated or foreseeable by the parties when making the contract as the probable result of a breach.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Sabraw v. Kaplan<\/span>\u00a0(1962) 211 Cal.App.2d 224, 227 [27 Cal.Rptr. 81], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cParties may voluntarily assume the risk of liability for unusual losses, but to do so they must be told, at the time the contract is made, of any special harm likely to result from a breach [citations]. Alternatively, the nature of the contract or the circumstances in which it is made may compel the inference that the defendant should have contemplated the fact that such a loss would be \u2018the probable result\u2019 of the defendant\u2019s breach. [Citation.] Not recoverable as special damages are those \u2018beyond the expectations of the parties.\u2019 [Citation.] Special damages for breach of contract are limited to losses that were either actually foreseen [citation] or were \u2018reasonably foreseeable\u2019 when the contract was formed.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ash v. North American Title Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1258, 1269\u20131270 [168 Cal.Rptr.3d 499].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhen reference is made to the terms of the contract alone, there is ordinarily little difficulty in determining what damages arise from its breach in the usual course of things, and the parties will be presumed to have contemplated such damages only. But where it is claimed the circumstances show that a special purpose was intended to be accomplished by one of the parties (a failure to accomplish which by means of the contract would cause him greater damage than would ordinarily follow from a breach by the other party), and such purpose was known to the other party, the facts showing the special purpose and the knowledge of the other party must be averred. This rule has frequently been applied to the breach of a contract for the sale of goods to be delivered at a certain time. In such cases the general rule of damages is fixed by reference to the market value of the goods at the time they were to have been delivered, because in the usual course of events the purchaser could have supplied himself with like commodities at the market price. And if special circumstances existed entitling the purchaser to greater damages for the defeat of a special purpose known to the contracting parties (as, for example, if the purchaser had already contracted to furnish the goods at a profit, and they could not be obtained in the market), such circumstances must be stated in the declaration with the facts which, under the circumstances, enhanced the injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mitchell v. Clarke<\/span>\u00a0(1886) 71 Cal. 163, 164\u2013165 [11 P. 882], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]f special circumstances caused some unusual injury, special damages are not recoverable therefor unless the circumstances were known or should have been known to the breaching party at the time he entered into the contract. The requirement of knowledge or notice as a prerequisite to the recovery of special damages is based on the theory that a party does not and cannot assume limitless responsibility for all consequences of a breach, and that at the time of contracting he must be advised of the facts concerning special harm which might result therefrom, in order that he may determine whether or not to accept the risk of contracting.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Brandon &amp; Tibbs v. George Kevorkian Accountancy Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 226 Cal.App.3d 442, 455 [277 Cal.Rptr. 40], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cContract damages must be clearly ascertainable in both nature and origin. A contracting party cannot be required to assume limitless responsibility for all consequences of a breach and must be advised of any special harm that might result in order to determine whether or not to accept the risk of contracting.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Erlich v. Menezes<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 21 Cal.4th 543, 560 [87 Cal.Rptr.2d 886, 981 P.2d 978], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[F]oreseeability is to be determined as of the time of the making of the contract\u2019; \u2018what must be foreseeable is only that the loss would result if the breach occurred\u2019; \u2018it is foreseeability only by the party in breach that is determinative\u2019; \u2018foreseeability has an objective character\u2019; and \u2018the loss need only have been foreseeable as a probable, as opposed to a necessary or certain, result of the breach.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ash, supra<\/span>, 223 Cal.App.4th at p. 1270.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>1 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Contracts, \u00a7\u2009896<\/div>\n<div>15\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 177,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Damages<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009177.13\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>6\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 65,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Damages: Contract<\/span>, \u00a7\u200965.61 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1\u00a0Matthew Bender Practice Guide: California Contract Litigation, Ch. 7,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Seeking or Opposing Damages in Contract Actions<\/span>, 7.04[6],\u00a07.08[3]<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-s3htt-43fb0cdca25c10e88d7bee335d4c9d4d hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-km1zd-fe87189a9f9554d9a101271bc788b0e9\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-km1zd-fe87189a9f9554d9a101271bc788b0e9 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-km1zd-fe87189a9f9554d9a101271bc788b0e9 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-321","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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