{"id":384,"date":"2021-10-25T03:56:04","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:56:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=384"},"modified":"2022-05-02T20:55:46","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T20:55:46","slug":"caci-406-apportionment-of-responsibility","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-406-apportionment-of-responsibility\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 406 Apportionment of Responsibility"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku59hvn9-d310116177b2d5e6b5ab63b0a8306e33\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku59hvn9-d310116177b2d5e6b5ab63b0a8306e33{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku59hvn9-d310116177b2d5e6b5ab63b0a8306e33 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku59hvn9-d310116177b2d5e6b5ab63b0a8306e33 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku59hvn9-d310116177b2d5e6b5ab63b0a8306e33 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 406 Apportionment of Responsibility<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku59j52p-4c90821cd0b52fc441e501a44ad24c47\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku59j52p-4c90821cd0b52fc441e501a44ad24c47 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku59j52p-4c90821cd0b52fc441e501a44ad24c47 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">406\u00a0Apportionment of Responsibility<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that the [negligence\/fault] of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert name(s) or description(s) of nonparty tortfeasor(s)<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [also] contributed to [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. To succeed on this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove both of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert name(s) or description(s) of nonparty tortfeasor(s)<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [was\/were] [negligent\/at fault]; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the [negligence\/fault] of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert name(s) or description(s) of nonparty tortfeasor(s)<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was a substantial factor in causing [name of plaintiff]\u2019s harm.]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">If you find that the [negligence\/fault] of more than one person including [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] [and] [[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\/ [and] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name(s) or description(s) of nonparty tortfeasor(s)<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]] was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm, you must then decide how much responsibility each has by assigning percentages of responsibility to each person listed on the verdict form. The percentages must total 100 percent.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">You will make a separate finding of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s total damages, if any. In determining an amount of damages, you should not consider any person\u2019s assigned percentage of responsibility.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[\u201cPerson\u201d can mean an individual or a business entity.] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised June 2006, December 2007, December 2009, June 2011 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This instruction is designed to assist the jury in completing\u00a0CACI No. VF-402,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence\u2014Fault of Plaintiff and Others at Issue,<\/span>\u00a0which must be given in a multiple-tortfeasor case to determine comparative fault. VF-402 is designed to compare the conduct of all defendants, the conduct of the plaintiff, and the conduct of any nonparty tortfeasors.<\/p>\n<p>Throughout, select \u201cfault\u201d if there is a need to allocate responsibility between tortfeasors whose alleged liability is based on conduct other than negligence, e.g., strict products liability.<\/p>\n<p>Include the first paragraph if the defendant has presented evidence that the conduct of one or more nonparties contributed to the plaintiff\u2019s harm. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Stewart v. Union Carbide Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 23, 33 [117 Cal.Rptr.3d 791]\u00a0[defendant has burden to establish concurrent or alternate causes].) \u201cNonparties\u201d include the universe of tortfeasors who are not present at trial, including defendants who settled before trial and nonjoined alleged tortfeasors. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Dafonte v. Up-Right<\/span>\u00a0(1992) 2 Cal.4th 593, 603 [7 Cal.Rptr.2d 238, 828 P.2d 140].) Include \u201calso\u201d if the defendant concedes some degree of liability.<\/p>\n<p>If the plaintiff\u2019s comparative fault is also at issue, give\u00a0CACI No. 405,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Comparative Fault of Plaintiff<\/span>, in addition to this instruction.<\/p>\n<p>Include the last paragraph if any of the defendants or others alleged to have contributed to the plaintiff\u2019s harm is not an individual. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Proposition 51.\u00a0Civil Code section 1431.2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]e hold that after\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Li<\/span>, a concurrent tortfeasor whose negligence is a proximate cause of an indivisible injury remains liable for the total amount of damages, diminished only \u2018in proportion to the amount of negligence attributable to the person recovering.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">American Motorcycle Assn. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1978) 20 Cal.3d 578, 590 [146 Cal.Rptr. 182, 578 P.2d 899], citing\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Li v. Yellow Cab Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1975) 13 Cal.3d 804, 829 [119 Cal.Rptr. 858, 532 P.2d 1226].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn light of\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Li<\/span>, however, we think that the long-recognized common law equitable indemnity doctrine should be modified to permit, in appropriate cases, a right of partial indemnity, under which liability among multiple tortfeasors may be apportioned on a comparative negligence basis.\u2009\u2026 Such a doctrine conforms to\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Li\u2019s<\/span>\u00a0objective of establishing \u2018a system under which liability for damage will be borne by those whose negligence caused it in direct proportion to their respective fault.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">American Motorcycle Assn., supra<\/span>, 20 Cal.3d at p. 583.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]e hold that section 1431.2, subdivision (a), does not authorize a reduction in the liability of intentional tortfeasors for noneconomic damages based on the extent to which the negligence of other actors\u2014including the plaintiffs, any codefendants, injured parties, and nonparties\u2014contributed to the injuries in question.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">B.B. v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(2020) 10 Cal.5th 1, 29 [267 Cal.Rptr.3d 203, 471 P.3d 329].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe comparative fault doctrine \u2018is designed to permit the trier of fact to consider all relevant criteria in apportioning liability. The doctrine \u201cis a flexible, commonsense concept, under which a jury properly may consider and evaluate the relative responsibility of various parties for an injury (whether their responsibility for the injury rests on negligence, strict liability, or other theories of responsibility), in order to arrive at an \u2018equitable apportionment or allocation of loss.\u2019\u201d [Citation.]\u2019\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pfeifer v. John Crane, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 1270, 1285 [164 Cal.Rptr.3d 112].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] \u2018defendant[\u2019s]\u2019 liability for noneconomic damages cannot exceed his or her proportionate share of fault\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">as compared with all fault responsible for the plaintiff\u2019s injuries<\/span>, not merely that of \u2018defendant[s]\u2019 present in the lawsuit.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Dafonte, supra,<\/span>\u00a02 Cal.4th at p. 603, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe proposition that a jury may apportion liability to a nonparty has been adopted in the Judicial Council of California Civil Jury Instructions (CACI) special verdict form applicable to negligence cases. (See CACI Verdict Form 402 and\u00a0CACI Instruction No. 406\u00a0[\u2018[Verdict Form] 402 is designed to compare the conduct of all defendants, the conduct of the plaintiff, and the conduct of any nonparty tortfeasors. [\u00b6] \u2026 [\u00b6] \u2026 \u201cNonparties\u201d include the universe of tortfeasors who are not present at trial, including defendants who settled before trial and nonjoined alleged tortfeasors.\u2019].\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Vollaro v. Lispi<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 93, 100 fn. 5 [168 Cal.Rptr.3d 323], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[U]nder Proposition 51, fault will be allocated to an entity that is immune from\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">paying<\/span>\u00a0for its tortious acts, but will not be allocated to an entity that is not a tortfeasor, that is, one whose actions have been declared not to be tortious.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Taylor v. John Crane, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 1063, 1071 [6 Cal.Rptr.3d 695], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA defendant bears the burden of proving affirmative defenses and indemnity cross-claims. Apportionment of noneconomic damages is a form of equitable indemnity in which a defendant may reduce his or her damages by establishing others are also at fault for the plaintiff\u2019s injuries. Placing the burden on defendant to prove fault as to nonparty tortfeasors is not unjustified or unduly onerous.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wilson v. Ritto<\/span>\u00a0(2003) 105 Cal.App.4th 361, 369 [129 Cal.Rptr.2d 336].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]here must be substantial evidence that a nonparty is at fault before damages can be apportioned to that nonparty.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Scott v. C. R. Bard, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 763, 785 [180 Cal.Rptr.3d 479].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhen a defendant is liable\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">only<\/span>\u00a0by reason of a derivative nondelegable duty arising from his status as employer or landlord or vehicle owner or coconspirator, or from his role in the chain of distribution of a single product in a products liability action, his liability is\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">secondary<\/span>\u00a0(vicarious) to that of the actor and he is not entitled to the benefits of Proposition 51.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Bayer-Bel v. Litovsky<\/span>\u00a0(2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 396, 400 [71 Cal.Rptr.3d 518], original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder the doctrine of strict products liability, all defendants in the chain of distribution are jointly and severally liable, meaning that each defendant can be held liable to the plaintiff for all damages the defective product caused.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Romine v. Johnson Controls, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 990, 1010 [169 Cal.Rptr.3d 208].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Proposition 51 does not apply in a strict products liability action when a single defective product produced a single injury to the plaintiff. That is, all the defendants in the stream of commerce of that single product remain jointly and severally liable.\u2009\u2026 [I]n strict products liability asbestos exposure actions,\u2009\u2026 Proposition 51 applies when there are multiple products that caused the plaintiff\u2019s injuries and there is evidence that provides a basis to allocate fault for noneconomic damages between the defective products.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Romine<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 224 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1011\u20131012, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he jury found that defendants are parties to a joint venture. The incidents of a joint venture are in all important respects the same as those of a partnership. One such incident of partnership is that all partners are jointly and severally liable for partnership obligations, irrespective of their individual partnership interests. Because joint and several liability arises from the partnership or joint venture,\u00a0Civil Code section 1431.2\u00a0is not applicable.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Myrick v. Mastagni<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 1082, 1091 [111 Cal.Rptr.3d 165], internal citations omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009156, 158\u2013163, 167, 168, 171, 172, 176<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 9-M,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Verdicts And Judgment<\/span>, \u00b6\u20099:662.3 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>California Tort Guide (Cont.Ed.Bar 3d ed.) \u00a7\u00a7\u20091.52\u20131.59<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 4,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Comparative Negligence, Assumption of the Risk, and Related Defenses<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u20094.04\u20134.03,\u00a04.07\u20134.08\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>5 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 74,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Resolving Multiparty Tort Litigation<\/span>, \u00a7\u200974.03\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>4\u00a0California Trial Guide, Unit 90,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Closing Argument<\/span>, \u00a7\u200990.91\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Products Liability Actions, Ch. 2,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Liability for Defective Products<\/span>, \u00a7\u20092.14A,\u00a0Ch. 9,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Damages<\/span>, \u00a7\u20099.01\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>25\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 300,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Indemnity and Contribution<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009300.61\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>11\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 115,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Indemnity and Contribution<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009115.04 et seq.\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>16\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 165,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009165.284,\u00a0165.380\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-rvy9s-7e5e16a5de94f1f7c52f628effeabe60 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-iqywo-e63036792815765a142131caab0f5e9e\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-iqywo-e63036792815765a142131caab0f5e9e .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-iqywo-e63036792815765a142131caab0f5e9e '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-384","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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