{"id":390,"date":"2021-10-25T03:55:47","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:55:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=390"},"modified":"2022-05-02T20:50:44","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T20:50:44","slug":"caci-400-negligence-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-400-negligence-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 400 Negligence\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku597w93-c1e91229562020522c2be29c0ff60d2c\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku597w93-c1e91229562020522c2be29c0ff60d2c{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku597w93-c1e91229562020522c2be29c0ff60d2c .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku597w93-c1e91229562020522c2be29c0ff60d2c .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku597w93-c1e91229562020522c2be29c0ff60d2c av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 400 Negligence\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5998td-9dee6c50a1f5db155683e2bf6daf61c7\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku5998td-9dee6c50a1f5db155683e2bf6daf61c7 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku5998td-9dee6c50a1f5db155683e2bf6daf61c7 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">400\u00a0Negligence\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s negligence. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was negligent;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s negligence was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised February 2005, June 2005, December 2007, December 2011 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>In medical malpractice or professional negligence cases, the word \u201cmedical\u201d or \u201cprofessional\u201d should be added before the word \u201cnegligence\u201d in the first paragraph.<\/p>\n<p>The word \u201charm\u201d is used throughout these instructions, instead of terms like \u201closs,\u201d\u2009\u201cinjury,\u201d and \u201cdamage,\u201d because \u201charm\u201d is all-purpose and suffices in their place. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">General Duty to Exercise Due Care.\u00a0Civil Code section 1714(a).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough it is true that some exceptions have been made to the general principle that a person is liable for injuries caused by his failure to exercise reasonable care in the circumstances, it is clear that in the absence of statutory provision declaring an exception to the fundamental principle enunciated by\u00a0section 1714 of the Civil Code, no such exception should be made unless clearly supported by public policy.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rowland v. Christian<\/span>\u00a0(1968) 69 Cal.2d 108, 112 [70 Cal.Rptr. 97, 443 P.2d 561].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018The elements of a cause of action for negligence are well established. They are \u201c(a) a legal duty to use due care; (b) a breach of such legal duty; [and] (c) the breach as the proximate or legal cause of the resulting injury.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ladd v. County of San Mateo<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 12 Cal.4th 913, 917 [50 Cal.Rptr.2d 309, 911 P.2d 496].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBreach is the failure to meet the standard of care.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Coyle v. Historic Mission Inn Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 24 Cal.App.5th 627, 643 [234 Cal.Rptr.3d 330].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe element of causation requires there to be a connection between the defendant\u2019s breach and the plaintiff\u2019s injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Coyle<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 24 Cal.App.5th at p. 645.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018In most cases, courts have fixed no standard of care for tort liability more precise than that of a reasonably prudent person under like circumstances.\u2019 This is because \u2018[e]ach case presents different conditions and situations. What would be ordinary care in one case might be negligence in another.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Coyle<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 24 Cal.App.5th at pp. 639\u2013640, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018\u2009\u201c[I]t is the further function of the court to determine and formulate the standard of conduct to which the duty requires the defendant to conform.\u201d [Citation.] [\u00b6] The formulation of the standard of care is a question of law for the court. [Citations.] Once the court has formulated the standard, its application to the facts of the case is a task for the trier of fact if reasonable minds might differ as to whether the defendant\u2019s conduct has conformed to the standard. [Citations.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Regents of University of California v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 29 Cal.App.5th 890, 902\u2013903 [240 Cal.Rptr.3d 675].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe first element, duty, \u2018may be imposed by law, be assumed by the defendant, or exist by virtue of a special relationship.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Doe v. United States Youth Soccer Assn., Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2017) 8 Cal.App.5th 1118, 1128 [214 Cal.Rptr.3d 552].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he existence of a duty is a question of law for the court.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ky. Fried Chicken of Cal. v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(1997) 14 Cal.4th 814, 819 [59 Cal.Rptr.2d 756, 927 P.2d 1260].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rowland<\/span>\u00a0[<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rowland, supra<\/span>, 69 Cal.2d at p. 113] decision, this court identified several considerations that, when balanced together, may justify a departure from the fundamental principle embodied in\u00a0Civil Code section 1714: \u2018the foreseeability of harm to the plaintiff, the degree of certainty that the plaintiff suffered injury, the closeness of the connection between the defendant\u2019s conduct and the injury suffered, the moral blame attached to the defendant\u2019s conduct, the policy of preventing future harm, the extent of the burden to the defendant and consequences to the community of imposing a duty to exercise care with resulting liability for breach, and the availability, cost, and prevalence of insurance for the risk involved.\u2019 As we have also explained, however, in the absence of a statutory provision establishing an exception to the general rule of\u00a0Civil Code section 1714, courts should create one only where \u2018clearly supported by public policy.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cabral v. Ralphs Grocery Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2011) 51 Cal.4th 764, 771 [122 Cal.Rptr.3d 313, 248 P.3d 1170], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he analysis of foreseeability for purposes of assessing the existence or scope of a duty is different, and more general, than it is for assessing whether any such duty was breached or whether a breach caused a plaintiff\u2019s injuries. \u2018[I]n analyzing duty, the court\u2019s task \u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018is not to decide whether a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">particular<\/span>\u00a0plaintiff\u2019s injury was reasonably foreseeable in light of a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">particular<\/span>\u00a0defendant\u2019s conduct, but rather to evaluate more generally whether the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">category<\/span>\u00a0of negligent conduct at issue is sufficiently likely to result in the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">kind<\/span>\u00a0of harm experienced that liability may appropriately be imposed on the negligent party.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d \u2018The jury, by contrast, considers \u201cforeseeability\u201d in two more focused, fact-specific settings. First, the jury may consider the likelihood or foreseeability of injury in determining whether, in fact, the particular defendant\u2019s conduct was negligent in the first place. Second, foreseeability may be relevant to the jury\u2019s determination of whether the defendant\u2019s negligence was a proximate or legal cause of the plaintiff\u2019s injury.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Staats v. Vintner\u2019s Golf Club, LLC<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 25 Cal.App.5th 826, 837 [236 Cal.Rptr.3d 236], original italics, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA defendant does not owe a legal duty to protect against third party conduct, unless there exists a special relationship between the defendant and the plaintiff. In that circumstance, \u2018[i]n addition to the special relationship\u2009&#8230;\u2009, there must also be evidence showing facts from which the trier of fact could reasonably infer that the [defendant] had prior\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">actual knowledge<\/span>, and thus\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">must have known<\/span>, of the offender\u2019s assaultive propensities. [Citation.]\u2019 In short, the third party\u2019s misconduct must be foreseeable to the defendant.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Doe v. Los Angeles County Dept. of Children &amp; Family Services<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 37 Cal.App.5th 675, 682\u2013683 [250 Cal.Rptr.3d 62], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he concept of foreseeability of risk of harm in determining whether a duty should be imposed is to be distinguished from the concept of \u2018\u2009\u201cforeseeability\u201d in two more focused, fact-specific settings\u2019 to be resolved by a trier of fact. \u2018First, the [trier of fact] may consider the likelihood or foreseeability of injury in determining whether, in fact, the particular defendant\u2019s conduct was negligent in the first place. Second, foreseeability may be relevant to the [trier of fact\u2019s] determination of whether the defendant\u2019s negligence was a proximate or legal cause of the plaintiff\u2019s injury.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Burns v. Neiman Marcus Group, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 479, 488, fn. 8 [93 Cal.Rptr.3d 130], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBy making exceptions to\u00a0Civil Code section 1714\u2019s general duty of ordinary care only when foreseeability and policy considerations justify a categorical no-duty rule, we preserve the crucial distinction between a determination that the defendant owed the plaintiff no duty of ordinary care, which is for the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">court<\/span>\u00a0to make, and a determination that the defendant did not breach the duty of ordinary care, which in a jury trial is for the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">jury<\/span>\u00a0to make.\u2009\u2026 While the court deciding duty assesses the foreseeability of injury from \u2018the category of negligent conduct at issue,\u2019 if the defendant did owe the plaintiff a duty of ordinary care the jury \u2018may consider the likelihood or foreseeability of injury in determining whether, in fact, the particular defendant\u2019s conduct was negligent in the first place.\u2019 An approach that instead focused the duty inquiry on case-specific facts would tend to \u2018eliminate the role of the jury in negligence cases, transforming the question of whether a defendant breached the duty of care under the facts of a particular case into a legal issue to be decided by the court\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cabral, supra<\/span>, 51 Cal.4th at pp. 772\u2013773, original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[W]hile foreseeability with respect to duty is determined by focusing on the general character of the event and inquiring whether such event is \u2018likely enough in the setting of modern life that a reasonably thoughtful [person] would take account of it in guiding practical conduct\u2019, foreseeability in evaluating negligence and causation requires a \u2018more focused, fact-specific\u2019 inquiry that takes into account a particular plaintiff\u2019s injuries and the particular defendant\u2019s conduct.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Laabs v. Southern California Edison Company<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1260, 1273 [97 Cal.Rptr.3d 241], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe issue here is whether [defendant]\u2014separate from other legal and practical reasons it had to prevent injury of any kind to the public\u2014had a tort duty to guard against negligently causing what we and others have called \u2018purely economic loss[es].\u2019 We use that term as a shorthand for \u2018pecuniary or commercial loss that does not arise from actionable physical, emotional or reputational injury to persons or physical injury to property.\u2019 And although [defendant] of course had a tort duty to guard against the latter kinds of injury, we conclude it had no tort duty to guard against purely economic losses.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Southern California Gas Leak Cases<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 7 Cal.5th 391, 398 [247 Cal.Rptr.3d 632, 441 P.3d 881], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[Defendant] relies on the rule that a person has no general duty to safeguard another from harm or to rescue an injured person. But that rule has no application where the person has caused another to be put in a position of peril of a kind from which the injuries occurred.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Carlsen v. Koivumaki<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 879, 883 [174 Cal.Rptr.3d 339].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cA defendant may owe a duty to protect the plaintiff from third party conduct if the defendant has a special relationship with either the plaintiff or the third party.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">University of Southern California v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 30 Cal.App.5th 429, 440 [241 Cal.Rptr.3d 616].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Typically, in special relationships, \u201cthe plaintiff is particularly vulnerable and dependent upon the defendant who, correspondingly, has some control over the plaintiff\u2019s welfare. [Citation.]\u201d [Citation.] A defendant who is found to have a \u201cspecial relationship\u201d with another may owe an affirmative duty to protect the other person from foreseeable harm, or to come to the aid of another in the face of ongoing harm or medical emergency.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Carlsen, supra<\/span>, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 893.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cGenerally, a greater degree of care is owed to children because of their lack of capacity to appreciate risks and avoid danger. [Citation.] Consequently, California courts have frequently recognized special relationships between children and their adult caregivers that give rise to a duty to prevent harms caused by the intentional or criminal conduct of third parties.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Doe, supra,<\/span>\u00a08 Cal.App.5th at p. 1129, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[P]ostsecondary schools\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">do<\/span>\u00a0have a special relationship with students while they are engaged in activities that are part of the school\u2019s curriculum or closely related to its delivery of educational services.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">The Regents of the University of California v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 4 Cal.5th 607, 624\u2013625 [230 Cal.Rptr.3d 415, 413 P.3d 656], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[A] university\u2019s duty to protect students from foreseeable acts of violence is governed by the ordinary negligence standard of care, namely \u2018that degree of care which people of ordinarily prudent behavior could be reasonably expected to exercise under the circumstances.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Regents of University of California, supra<\/span>, 29 Cal.App.5th at p. 904.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091138, 1450\u20131460, 1484\u20131491<\/div>\n<div>California Tort Guide (Cont.Ed.Bar 3d ed.) \u00a7\u00a7\u20091.4\u20131.18<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 1,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence: Duty and Breach<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091.02,\u00a01.12,\u00a0Ch. 2,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Causation<\/span>, \u00a7\u20092.02,\u00a0Ch. 3,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Proof of Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u20093.01\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>33\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 380,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009380.10\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>16\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 165,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009165.10,\u00a0165.20\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-qwjl2-f36de208faea5eea455ac42483f69f72 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-21mri-268393e1f2ff2be269b906e299f6fe2c\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-21mri-268393e1f2ff2be269b906e299f6fe2c .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-21mri-268393e1f2ff2be269b906e299f6fe2c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-390","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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