{"id":405,"date":"2021-10-25T04:04:24","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:04:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=405"},"modified":"2022-05-02T21:03:21","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T21:03:21","slug":"caci-418-presumption-of-negligence-per-se","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-418-presumption-of-negligence-per-se\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 418 Presumption of Negligence per se"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5dcyjg-e738e9a09611d8823e0dc0aec5809054\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku5dcyjg-e738e9a09611d8823e0dc0aec5809054{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku5dcyjg-e738e9a09611d8823e0dc0aec5809054 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku5dcyjg-e738e9a09611d8823e0dc0aec5809054 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku5dcyjg-e738e9a09611d8823e0dc0aec5809054 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 418 Presumption of Negligence per se<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5debry-05e1f3732bfe734ead2ef02edde38625\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku5debry-05e1f3732bfe734ead2ef02edde38625 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku5debry-05e1f3732bfe734ead2ef02edde38625 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">418\u00a0Presumption of Negligence per se<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Insert citation to statute, regulation, or ordinance<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] states:<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">If [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff\/defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant\/plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] violated this law and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the violation was a substantial factor in bringing about the harm,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">then you must find that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant\/plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was negligent [unless you also find that the violation was excused].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">If you find that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant\/plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not violate this law or that the violation was not a substantial factor in bringing about the harm [or if you find the violation was excused], then you must still decide whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant\/plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was negligent in light of the other instructions. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised December 2005, June 2011, November 2020 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>This jury instruction addresses the establishment of the two factual elements underlying the presumption of negligence. If they are not established, then a finding of negligence cannot be based on the alleged statutory violation. However, negligence can still be proven by other means. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nunneley v. Edgar Hotel<\/span>\u00a0(1950) 36 Cal.2d 493, 500\u2013501 [225 P.2d 497].)<\/p>\n<p>If a rebuttal is offered on the ground that the violation was excused, then the bracketed portion in the second and last paragraphs should be read. For an instruction on excuse, see\u00a0CACI No.\u2002420,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence per se: Rebuttal of the Presumption of Negligence\u2014Violation Excused.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>If the statute is lengthy, the judge may want to read it at the end of this instruction instead of at the beginning. The instruction would then need to be revised, to tell the jury that they will be hearing the statute at the end.<\/p>\n<p>Rebuttal of the presumption of negligence is addressed in the instructions that follow (see\u00a0CACI Nos.\u2002420\u00a0and\u00a0421). <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Negligence per se.\u00a0Evidence Code section 669.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cAlthough compliance with the law does not prove the absence of negligence, violation of the law does raise a presumption that the violator was negligent. This is called negligence per se.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jacobs Farm\/Del Cabo, Inc. v. Western Farm Service, Inc<\/span>. (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 1502, 1526 [119 Cal.Rptr.3d 529]; see also Cal. Law Revision Com. com. to\u00a0Evid. Code, \u00a7\u2009669.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018The negligence per se doctrine is codified in\u00a0Evidence Code section 669, subdivision (a), under which negligence is presumed if the plaintiff establishes four elements: (1) the defendant violated a statute, ordinance, or regulation; (2) the violation proximately caused death or injury to person or property; (3) the death or injury resulted from an occurrence the nature of which the statute, ordinance, or regulation was designed to prevent; and (4) the person suffering the death or the injury to his person or property was one of the class of persons for whose protection the statute, ordinance, or regulation was adopted.\u2019 \u2018The burden is on the proponent of a negligence per se instruction to demonstrate that these elements are met.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Taulbee v. EJ Distribution Corp<\/span>. (2019) 35 Cal.App.5th 590, 596 [247 Cal.Rptr.3d 538], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe first two elements are normally questions for the trier of fact and the last two are determined by the trial court as a matter of law. That is, the trial court decides whether a statute or regulation defines the standard of care in a particular case.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jacobs Farm\/Del Cabo, Inc., supra,<\/span>\u00a0190 Cal.App.4th at p. 1526, internal citations omitted; see also Cal. Law Revision Com. com. to\u00a0Evid. Code, \u00a7\u2009669.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he doctrine of negligence per se is not a separate cause of action, but creates an evidentiary presumption that affects the standard of care in a cause of action for negligence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Turner v. Seterus, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 27 Cal.App.5th 516, 534 [238 Cal.Rptr.3d 528].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder the doctrine of negligence per se, the plaintiff \u2018borrows\u2019 statutes to prove duty of care and standard of care. [Citation.] The plaintiff still has the burden of proving causation.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">David v. Hernandez<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 578, 584 [172 Cal.Rptr.3d 204].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhere a statute establishes a party\u2019s duty, \u2018\u2009\u201cproof of the [party\u2019s] violation of a statutory standard of conduct raises a presumption of negligence that may be rebutted only by evidence establishing a justification or excuse for the statutory violation.\u201d\u2009\u2019 This rule, generally known as the doctrine of negligence per se, means that where the court has adopted the conduct prescribed by statute as the standard of care for a reasonable person, a violation of the statute is presumed to be negligence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Spriesterbach v. Holland<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 255, 263 [155 Cal.Rptr.3d 306], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]n negligence per se actions, the plaintiff must produce evidence of a violation of a statute and a substantial probability that the plaintiff\u2019s injury was caused by the violation of the statute before the burden of proof shifts to the defendant to prove the violation of the statute did not cause the plaintiff\u2019s injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Toste v. CalPortland Construction<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 362, 371 [199 Cal.Rptr.3d 522].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018The significance of a statute in a civil suit for negligence lies in its formulation of a standard of conduct that the court adopts in the determination of such liability. The decision as to what the civil standard should be still rests with the court, and the standard formulated by a legislative body in a police regulation or criminal statute becomes the standard to determine civil liability only because the court accepts it. In the absence of such a standard the case goes to the jury, which must determine whether the defendant has acted as a reasonably prudent man would act in similar circumstances. The jury then has the burden of deciding not only what the facts are but what the unformulated standard is of reasonable conduct. When a legislative body has generalized a standard from the experience of the community and prohibits conduct that is likely to cause harm, the court accepts the formulated standards and applies them [citations], except where they would serve to impose liability without fault.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ramirez v. Plough, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 6 Cal.4th 539, 547 [25 Cal.Rptr.2d 97, 863 P.2d 167].), internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThere is no doubt in this state that a federal statute or regulation may be adopted as a standard of care.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">DiRosa v. Showa Denko K. K.<\/span>\u00a0(1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 799, 808 [52 Cal.Rptr.2d 128].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he courts and the Legislature may create a negligence duty of care, but an administrative agency cannot independently impose a duty of care if that authority has not been properly delegated to the agency by the Legislature.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cal. Serv. Station Etc. Ass\u2019n v. Am. Home Assur. Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 1166, 1175 [73 Cal.Rptr.2d 182].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn combination, the [1999] language and the deletion [to\u00a0Lab. Code, \u00a7\u20096304.5] indicate that henceforth, Cal-OSHA provisions are to be treated like any other statute or regulation and may be admitted to establish a standard or duty of care in all negligence and wrongful death actions, including third party actions.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Elsner v. Uveges<\/span>\u00a0(2004) 34 Cal.4th 915, 928 [22 Cal.Rptr.3d 530, 102 P.3d 915].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhile courts have applied negligence per se to building code violations, it has only been applied in limited situations.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jones v. Awad<\/span>\u00a0(2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 1200, 1212 [252 Cal.Rptr.3d 596].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091002\u20131028<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 2(II)-H,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence Predicated On Statutory Violation<\/span>\u00a0(<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">\u201cNegligence Per Se\u201d<\/span>), \u00b6\u20092:1845 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>Wegner et al., California Practice Guide: Civil Trials &amp; Evidence, Ch. 8G-C,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Procedural Considerations\u2014Presumptions<\/span>, \u00b6\u20098:3604 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>California Tort Guide (Cont.Ed.Bar 3d ed.) \u00a7\u00a7\u20091.28\u20131.31<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 3,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Proof of Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u20093.10,\u00a03.13\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>4\u00a0California Trial Guide, Unit 90,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Closing Argument<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u200990.88,\u00a090.89\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Products Liability Actions, Ch. 7,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Proof<\/span>, \u00a7\u20097.04\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>33\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 380,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009380.50 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>16\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 165,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009165.70,\u00a0165.80,\u00a0165.81\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-pqta5-4fb38d8515c57f63459ef10262eb6057 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-nta71-87f76aa546e9dbe3852c1843c089abf4\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-nta71-87f76aa546e9dbe3852c1843c089abf4 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-nta71-87f76aa546e9dbe3852c1843c089abf4 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-405","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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