{"id":430,"date":"2021-10-25T04:04:24","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:04:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=430"},"modified":"2022-05-02T21:24:59","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T21:24:59","slug":"caci-425-gross-negligence-explained","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-425-gross-negligence-explained\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 425 \u201cGross Negligence\u201d Explained"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5dr3u4-626be1cd2da98bd6a42d28a96c60bdbe\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku5dr3u4-626be1cd2da98bd6a42d28a96c60bdbe{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku5dr3u4-626be1cd2da98bd6a42d28a96c60bdbe .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku5dr3u4-626be1cd2da98bd6a42d28a96c60bdbe .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku5dr3u4-626be1cd2da98bd6a42d28a96c60bdbe av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 425 <span class='special_amp'>\u201c<\/span>Gross Negligence<span class='special_amp'>\u201d<\/span> Explained<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top 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id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5ds7wh-9c9b926ec817d23b58f9dbf3f1f35ccc\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku5ds7wh-9c9b926ec817d23b58f9dbf3f1f35ccc .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku5ds7wh-9c9b926ec817d23b58f9dbf3f1f35ccc '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">425\u00a0\u201cGross Negligence\u201d Explained<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Gross negligence is the lack of any care or an extreme departure from what a reasonably careful person would do in the same situation to prevent harm to oneself or to others.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">A person can be grossly negligent by acting or by failing to act. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New April 2008; Revised December 2015 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Give this instruction if a particular statute that is at issue in the case creates a distinction based on a standard of gross negligence. (See, e.g.,\u00a0Gov. Code, \u00a7\u2009831.7(c)(1)(E)\u00a0[immunity for public entity or employee to liability to participant in or spectator to hazardous recreational activity does not apply if act of gross negligence is proximate cause of injury].) Courts generally resort to this definition if gross negligence is at issue under a statute. (See, e.g.,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wood v. County of San Joaquin<\/span>\u00a0(2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 960, 971 [4 Cal.Rptr.3d 340].)<\/p>\n<p>Give this instruction with\u00a0CACI No. 400,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>, but modify that instruction to refer to gross negligence.<\/p>\n<p>This instruction may also be given if case law has created a distinction between gross and ordinary negligence. For example, under the doctrine of express assumption of risk, a signed waiver of liability may release liability for ordinary negligence only, not for gross negligence. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">City of Santa Barbara v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2007) 41 Cal.4th 747, 777 [62 Cal.Rptr.3d 527, 161 P.3d 1095]; see also\u00a0CACI No. 451,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Affirmative Defense\u2014Contractual Assumption of Risk<\/span>.) Once the defendant establishes the validity and applicability of the release, the plaintiff must prove gross negligence by a preponderance of the evidence. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Eriksson v. Nunnink<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 708, 732, 734 [183 Cal.Rptr.3d 234].) A lack of gross negligence can be found as a matter of law if the plaintiff\u2019s showing is insufficient to suggest a triable issue of fact. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Grebing v. 24 Hour Fitness USA, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 631, 638\u2013639 [184 Cal.Rptr.3d 155]; cf.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Jimenez v. 24 Hour Fitness USA, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 546, 555 [188 Cal.Rptr.3d 228]\u00a0[whether conduct constitutes gross negligence is generally a question of fact, depending on the nature of the act and the surrounding circumstances shown by the evidence].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Gross negligence\u2019 long has been defined in California and other jurisdictions as either a \u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018want of even scant care\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019 or \u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018an extreme departure from the ordinary standard of conduct.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">City of Santa Barbara, supra<\/span>, 41 Cal.4th at p. 754, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cBy contrast, \u2018wanton\u2019 or \u2018reckless\u2019 misconduct (or \u2018\u2009\u201cwillful and wanton negligence\u201d\u2009\u2019) describes conduct by a person who may have no intent to cause harm, but who intentionally performs an act so unreasonable and dangerous that he or she knows or should know it is highly probable that harm will result.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">City of Santa Barbara, supra<\/span>, 41 Cal.4th at p. 754, fn. 4, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCalifornia does not recognize a distinct cause of action for \u2018gross negligence\u2019 independent of a statutory basis.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Eriksson v. Nunnink<\/span>\u00a0(2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 826, 856 [120 Cal.Rptr.3d 90].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cGross negligence is pleaded by alleging the traditional elements of negligence: duty, breach, causation, and damages. However, to set forth a claim for \u2018gross negligence\u2019 the plaintiff must allege extreme conduct on the part of the defendant.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Rosencrans v. Dover Images, Ltd<\/span>. (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 1072, 1082 [122 Cal.Rptr.3d 22], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe theory that there are degrees of negligence has been generally criticized by legal writers, but a distinction has been made in this state between ordinary and gross negligence. Gross negligence has been said to mean the want of even scant care or an extreme departure from the ordinary standard of conduct.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Van Meter v. Bent Constr. Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1956) 46 Cal.2d 588, 594 [297 P.2d 644], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cNumerous California cases have discussed the doctrine of gross negligence. Invariably these cases have turned upon an interpretation of a statute which has used the words \u2018gross negligence\u2019 in the text.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Cont\u2019l Ins. Co. v. Am. Prot. Indus.<\/span>\u00a0(1987) 197 Cal.App.3d 322, 329 [242 Cal.Rptr. 784].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[I]n cases involving a waiver of liability for future negligence, courts have held that conduct that substantially or unreasonably increased the inherent risk of an activity or actively concealed a known risk could amount to gross negligence, which would not be barred by a release agreement. Evidence of conduct that evinces an extreme departure from manufacturer\u2019s safety directions or an industry standard also could demonstrate gross negligence. Conversely, conduct demonstrating the failure to guard against, or warn of, a dangerous condition typically does not rise to the level of gross negligence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Anderson v. Fitness Internat., LLC<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 4 Cal.App.5th 867, 881 [208 Cal.Rptr.3d 792], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[P]ublic policy generally precludes enforcement of an agreement that would remove an obligation to adhere to even a\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">minimal<\/span>\u00a0standard of care. Applying that general rule here, we hold that an agreement purporting to release liability for future gross negligence committed against a developmentally disabled child who participates in a recreational camp designed for the needs of such children violates public policy and is unenforceable.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">City of Santa Barbara, supra<\/span>, 41 Cal.4th at p. 777, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Prosser on Torts (1941) page 260, also cited by the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Van Meter<\/span>\u00a0court for its definition of gross negligence, reads as follows: \u201cGross Negligence. This is very great negligence, or the want of even scant care. It has been described as a failure to exercise even that care which a careless person would use. Many courts, dissatisfied with a term so devoid of all real content, have interpreted it as requiring wilful misconduct, or recklessness, or such utter lack of all care as will be evidence of either\u2014sometimes on the ground that this must have been the purpose of the legislature. But most courts have considered that \u2018gross negligence\u2019 falls short of a reckless disregard of consequences, and differs from ordinary negligence only in degree, and not in kind.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">So far as it has any accepted meaning, it is merely an extreme departure from the ordinary standard of care.<\/span>\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Decker v. City of Imperial Beach<\/span>\u00a0(1989) 209 Cal.App.3d 349, 358 [257 Cal.Rptr. 356], original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn assessing where on the spectrum a particular negligent act falls, \u2018\u2009\u201c[t]he amount of care demanded by the standard of reasonable conduct must be in proportion to the apparent risk. As the danger becomes greater, the actor is required to exercise caution commensurate with it.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hass v. RhodyCo Productions<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 26 Cal.App.5th 11, 32 [236 Cal.Rptr.3d 682].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cGenerally it is a triable issue of fact whether there has been such a lack of care as to constitute gross negligence [citation] but not always.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Chavez v. 24 Hour Fitness USA, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 632, 640 [189 Cal.Rptr.3d 449].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe Legislature has enacted numerous statutes \u2026 which provide immunity to persons providing emergency assistance except when there is gross negligence. (See\u00a0Bus. &amp; Prof. Code, \u00a7\u20092727.5\u00a0[immunity for licensed nurse who in good faith renders emergency care at the scene of an emergency occurring outside the place and course of nurse\u2019s employment unless the nurse is grossly negligent];\u00a0Bus. &amp; Prof. Code, \u00a7\u20092395.5\u00a0[immunity for a licensed physician who serves on-call in a hospital emergency room who in good faith renders emergency obstetrical services unless the physician was grossly negligent, reckless, or committed willful misconduct];\u00a0Bus. &amp; Prof. Code, \u00a7\u20092398\u00a0[immunity for licensed physician who in good faith and without compensation renders voluntary emergency medical assistance to a participant in a community college or high school athletic event for an injury suffered in the course of that event unless the physician was grossly negligent];\u00a0Bus. &amp; Prof. Code, \u00a7\u20093706\u00a0[immunity for certified respiratory therapist who in good faith renders emergency care at the scene of an emergency occurring outside the place and course of employment unless the respiratory therapist was grossly negligent];\u00a0Bus. &amp; Prof. Code, \u00a7\u20094840.6\u00a0[immunity for a registered animal health technician who in good faith renders emergency animal health care at the scene of an emergency unless the animal health technician was grossly negligent];\u00a0Civ. Code, \u00a7\u20091714.2\u00a0[immunity to a person who has completed a basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation course for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care who in good faith renders emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation at the scene of an emergency unless the individual was grossly negligent];\u00a0Health &amp; Saf. Code, \u00a7\u20091799.105\u00a0[immunity for poison control center personnel who in good faith provide emergency information and advice unless they are grossly negligent];\u00a0Health &amp; Saf. Code, \u00a7\u20091799.106\u00a0[immunity for a firefighter, police officer or other law enforcement officer who in good faith renders emergency medical services at the scene of an emergency unless the officer was grossly negligent];\u00a0Health &amp; Saf. Code, \u00a7\u20091799.107\u00a0[immunity for public entity and emergency rescue personnel acting in good faith within the scope of their employment unless they were grossly negligent].)\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Decker, supra<\/span>, 209 Cal.App.3d at pp. 356\u2013357.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe jury here was instructed: \u2018It is the duty of one who undertakes to perform the services of a police officer or paramedic to have the knowledge and skills ordinarily possessed and to exercise the care and skill ordinarily used in like cases by police officers or paramedics in the same or similar locality and under similar circumstances. A failure to perform such duty is negligence. [para.] The standard to be applied in this case is gross negligence. The term gross negligence means the failure to provide even scant care or an extreme departure from the ordinary standard of conduct.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Wright v. City of L.A.<\/span>\u00a0(1990) 219 Cal.App.3d 318, 343 [268 Cal.Rptr. 309]\u00a0[construing \u201cgross negligence\u201d under\u00a0Health &amp; Saf. Code, \u00a7\u20091799.106, which provides that a police officer or paramedic who renders emergency medical services at the scene of an emergency shall only be liable in civil damages for acts or omissions performed in a grossly negligent manner or not performed in good faith].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u2009331<\/div>\n<div>Advising and Defending Corporate Directors and Officers (Cont.Ed.Bar) \u00a7\u20093.13<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 1,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">General Principles of Liability<\/span>, \u00a7\u20091.01\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>33\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 380,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009380.10,\u00a0380.171\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-ove4m-cbd59c026a5877deb45d2c55fb685d62 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jj6di-14a5623d4caf67c58e81a22bd227db73\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-jj6di-14a5623d4caf67c58e81a22bd227db73 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jj6di-14a5623d4caf67c58e81a22bd227db73 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-430","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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