{"id":432,"date":"2021-10-25T04:04:24","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:04:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=432"},"modified":"2022-05-02T21:23:13","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T21:23:13","slug":"caci-423-public-entity-liability-for-failure-to-perform-mandatory-duty","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-423-public-entity-liability-for-failure-to-perform-mandatory-duty\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 423 Public Entity Liability for Failure to Perform Mandatory Duty"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5do36w-080276ba1344a7a84c17b64e4bf29a57\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku5do36w-080276ba1344a7a84c17b64e4bf29a57{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku5do36w-080276ba1344a7a84c17b64e4bf29a57 .av-special-heading-tag 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itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5dp9rk-b86e63138387c56dd1f8bc2ea8684e20\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku5dp9rk-b86e63138387c56dd1f8bc2ea8684e20 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku5dp9rk-b86e63138387c56dd1f8bc2ea8684e20 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">423\u00a0Public Entity Liability for Failure to Perform Mandatory Duty<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed because [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] violated [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert reference to statute, regulation, or ordinance<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] which states:\u00a0\u00a0[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert relevant language<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] violated [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert reference to statute, regulation, or ordinance<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s failure to perform its duty was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">], however, is not responsible for [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm if [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] proves that it made reasonable efforts to perform its duties under the [statute\/regulation\/ordinance]. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>The judge decides the issues of whether the statute imposes a mandatory duty and whether it was designed to protect against the type of harm suffered. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Haggis v. City of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(2000) 22 Cal.4th 490, 499 [93 Cal.Rptr.2d 327, 993 P.2d 983].) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Government Liability for Failure to Perform Mandatory Duty.\u00a0Government Code section 815.6.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Where a public entity is under a mandatory duty imposed by an enactment that is designed to protect against the risk of a particular kind of injury, the public entity is liable for an injury of that kind proximately caused by its failure to discharge the duty unless the public entity establishes that it exercised reasonable diligence to discharge the duty.\u2019 (Gov. Code, \u00a7\u2009815.6.) Thus, the government may be liable when (1) a mandatory duty is imposed by enactment, (2) the duty was designed to protect against the kind of injury allegedly suffered, and (3) breach of the duty proximately caused injury.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">State Dept. of State Hospitals v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 61 Cal.4th 339, 348 [188 Cal.Rptr.3d 309, 349 P.3d 1013].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIn order to recover plaintiffs have to show that there is some specific statutory mandate that was violated by the County, which violation was a proximate cause of the accident.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Washington v. County of Contra Costa<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 890, 896\u2013897 [45 Cal.Rptr.2d 646], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he term \u2018enactment\u2019 refers to \u2018a constitutional provision, statute, charter provision, ordinance or regulation.\u2019\u2009\u2026 A \u2018contract cannot give rise to \u201ca mandatory duty imposed by an enactment \u2026\u2009.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tuthill v. City of San Buenaventura<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1081, 1091\u22121092 [167 Cal.Rptr.3d 820].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe first element of liability under\u00a0Government Code section 815.6\u00a0requires that \u2018\u2009\u201cthe enactment at issue be\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">obligatory<\/span>, rather than merely discretionary or permissive, in its directions to the public entity; it must\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">require<\/span>, rather than merely authorize or permit, that a particular action be taken or not taken. [Citation.] It is not enough, moreover, that the public entity or officer have been under an obligation to perform a function if the function itself involves the exercise of discretion. [Citation.]\u2019 [Citation.] Courts have construed this first prong rather strictly, finding a mandatory duty only if the enactment \u2018affirmatively imposes the duty and provides implementing guidelines.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">B.H. v. County of San Bernardino<\/span>\u00a0(2015) 62 Cal.4th 168, 180 [195 Cal.Rptr.3d 220, 361 P.3d 319], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018It is not enough, moreover, that the public entity or officer have been under an obligation to perform a function\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">if the function itself involves the exercise of discretion<\/span>.\u2019 Moreover, \u2018[c]ourts have \u2026 [found] a mandatory duty only if the enactment \u201caffirmatively imposes the duty and provides implementing guidelines.\u201d\u2009\u2019 \u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018[T]he mandatory nature of the duty must be phrased in explicit and forceful language.\u2019 [Citation.] \u2018It is not enough that some statute contains mandatory language. In order to recover plaintiffs have to show that there is some specific statutory mandate that was violated by the [public entity].\u2019\u2009\u201d [Citations.]\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">State Dept. of State Hospitals, supra<\/span>, 61 Cal. 4th at pp. 348\u2212349, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cCourts have recognized that as a practical matter the standard for determining whether a mandatory duty exists is \u2018virtually identical\u2019 to the test for an implied statutory duty of care under\u00a0Evidence Code section 669.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Alejo v. City of Alhambra<\/span>\u00a0(1999) 75 Cal.App.4th 1180, 1185, fn. 3 [89 Cal.Rptr.2d 768], disapproved on other grounds in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">B.H., supra<\/span>, 62 Cal.4th at p. 188, fn. 6, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe injury must be \u2018\u2009\u201c\u2009\u2018one of the consequences which the [enacting body] sought to prevent through imposing the alleged mandatory duty.\u2019\u2009\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u2026\u2009\u2018That the enactment \u201cconfers some benefit\u201d on the class to which plaintiff belongs is not enough; if the benefit is \u201cincidental\u201d to the enactment\u2019s protective purpose, the enactment cannot serve as a predicate for liability under section 815.6.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Tuthill, supra<\/span>, 223 Cal.App.4th at p. 1092, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cFinancial limitations of governments have never been, and cannot be, deemed an excuse for a public employee\u2019s failure to comply with mandatory duties imposed by law.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Scott v. County of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 125, 146 [32 Cal.Rptr.2d 643], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cQuestions of statutory immunity do not become relevant until it has been determined that the defendant otherwise owes a duty of care to the plaintiff and thus would be liable in the absence of such immunity. However, a defendant may not be held liable for the breach of a duty if such an immunity in fact exists.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Washington, supra,<\/span>\u00a038 Cal.App.4th at p. 896, internal citations omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009296\u2013300<\/div>\n<div>5 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 60,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">General Principles of Liability and Immunity of Public Entities and Employees<\/span>, \u00a7\u200960.22 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>40\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 464,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Public Entities and Officers: California Government Claims Act<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009464.61 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>45\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 514,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Schools: Injuries to Students<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009514.17\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>19\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 196,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Public Entities<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009196.182 (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-rmfps-970e67d1940a8fd0ad93c0ab1cc11f18 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lte94-99a4fc1643936b4c852faa817fb8e723\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-lte94-99a4fc1643936b4c852faa817fb8e723 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lte94-99a4fc1643936b4c852faa817fb8e723 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-432","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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