{"id":448,"date":"2021-10-25T03:56:38","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:56:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=448"},"modified":"2022-05-02T21:37:04","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T21:37:04","slug":"caci-440-negligent-use-of-nondeadly-force-by-law-enforcement-officer-in-arrest-or-other-seizure-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-440-negligent-use-of-nondeadly-force-by-law-enforcement-officer-in-arrest-or-other-seizure-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 440 Negligent Use of Nondeadly Force by Law Enforcement Officer in Arrest or Other Seizure\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5ee5kd-33eef58627c530bc2dcd99fe9388218b\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku5ee5kd-33eef58627c530bc2dcd99fe9388218b{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku5ee5kd-33eef58627c530bc2dcd99fe9388218b .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku5ee5kd-33eef58627c530bc2dcd99fe9388218b .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku5ee5kd-33eef58627c530bc2dcd99fe9388218b av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 440 Negligent Use of Nondeadly Force by Law Enforcement Officer in Arrest or Other Seizure\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  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0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5efmue-ad0c7219e85f35d9ea1f58ca18f1bbc7\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku5efmue-ad0c7219e85f35d9ea1f58ca18f1bbc7 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku5efmue-ad0c7219e85f35d9ea1f58ca18f1bbc7 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">440\u00a0Negligent Use of Nondeadly Force by Law Enforcement Officer in Arrest or Other Seizure\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">A law enforcement officer may use reasonable force to [arrest\/detain\/ [,\/or] prevent escape of\/ [,\/or] overcome resistance by] a person when the officer has reasonable cause to believe that that person has committed or is committing a crime. However, the officer may use only that degree of force necessary to [arrest\/detain\/ [,\/or] prevent escape of\/ [,\/or] overcome resistance by] the person. [Even if the officer is mistaken, a person being arrested or detained has a duty not to use force to resist the officer unless the officer is using unreasonable force.].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was negligent in using unreasonable force to [arrest\/detain\/ [,\/or] prevent escape of\/ overcome resistance by] [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. To establish this claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] used force to [arrest\/detain\/ [,\/or] prevent escape of\/ [,\/or] overcome resistance by] [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the amount of force used by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was unreasonable;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s use of unreasonable force was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">In deciding whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] used unreasonable force, you must consider the totality of the circumstances to determine what amount of force a reasonable [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert type of officer<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] in [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s position would have used under the same or similar circumstances. \u201cTotality of the circumstances\u201d means all facts known to the officer at the time, including the conduct of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] and [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] leading up to the use of force. Among the factors to be considered are the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(a)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] reasonably appeared to pose an immediate threat to the safety of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] or others;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(b)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">The seriousness of the crime at issue; [and]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">(c)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">Whether [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was actively resisting [arrest\/detention] or attempting to avoid [arrest\/detention] by flight[; and\/.]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[(d)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s tactical conduct and decisions before using force on [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">].]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[An officer who makes or attempts to make an arrest does not have to retreat or stop because the person being arrested is resisting or threatening to resist. Tactical repositioning or other deescalation tactics are not retreat. An officer does not lose the right to self-defense by using objectively reasonable force to [arrest\/detain\/ [,\/or] prevent escape of\/ [,\/or] overcome resistance by] the person.] <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New June 2016; Revised May 2020, November 2020, May 2021 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>Use this instruction if the plaintiff makes a negligence claim under state law arising from the force used in effecting an arrest or detention. Such a claim is often combined with a claimed civil rights violation under\u00a042 United States Code section 1983. See\u00a0CACI No. 3020,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Excessive Use of Force\u2014Unreasonable Arrest or Other Seizure\u2014Essential Factual Elements.<\/span>\u00a0It might also be combined with a claim for battery. See CACI No. 1305,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Battery by Peace Officer\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>. For additional authorities on excessive force by a law enforcement officer, see the Sources and Authority to these two CACI instructions.<\/p>\n<p>By its terms,\u00a0Penal Code section 835a\u2019s deadly force provisions apply to \u201cpeace officers.\u201d It would appear that a negligence claim involving nondeadly force does not depend on whether the individual qualifies as a peace officer under the Penal Code. (See\u00a0Pen. Code, \u00a7\u2009835a; see also\u00a0Pen. Code, \u00a7\u2009830 et seq.\u00a0[defining \u201cpeace officer\u201d].) For cases involving the use of deadly force by a peace officer, use\u00a0CACI No. 441,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligent Use of Deadly Force by Peace Officer\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/span>. (Pen. Code, \u00a7\u2009835a.) This instruction and\u00a0CACI No. 441\u00a0may require modification if the jury must decide whether the force used by the defendant was deadly or nondeadly.<\/p>\n<p>Include the last bracketed sentence in the first paragraph only if there is evidence the person being arrested or detained used force to resist the officer.<\/p>\n<p>Factors (a), (b), and (c) are often referred to as the \u201c<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Graham<\/span>\u00a0factors.\u201d (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Graham v. Connor<\/span>\u00a0(1989) 490 U.S. 386, 396 [109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443].) The\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Graham<\/span>\u00a0factors are to be applied under California negligence law. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hernandez v. City of Pomona<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 46 Cal.4th 501, 514 [94 Cal.Rptr.3d 1, 207 P.3d 506].) They are not exclusive (see\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Glenn v. Wash. County<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2011) 673 F.3d 864, 872); additional factors may be added if appropriate to the facts of the case. If negligence, civil rights, and battery claims are all involved, the instructions can be combined so as to give the\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Graham<\/span>\u00a0factors only once. A sentence may be added to advise the jury that the factors apply to multiple claims.<\/p>\n<p>Factor (d) is bracketed because no reported California state court decision has held that an officer\u2019s tactical decisions before using nondeadly force can be actionable negligence. It has been held that liability can arise if the officer\u2019s earlier tactical conduct and decisions show, as part of the totality of circumstances, that the ultimate use of deadly force was unreasonable. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hayes v. County of San Diego<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 57 Cal.4th 622, 639 [160 Cal.Rptr.3d 684, 305 P.3d 252].) In this respect, California negligence law differs from the federal standard under the\u00a0Fourth Amendment. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hayes, supra,<\/span>\u00a057 Cal.4th at p. 639\u00a0[\u201c[T]he state and federal standards are not the same, which we now confirm\u201d]; cf.\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Vos v. City of Newport Beach<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2018) 892 F.3d 1024, 1037\u00a0[\u201cTo determine police liability [under state law negligence], a court applies tort law\u2019s \u2018reasonable care\u2019 standard, which is distinct from the\u00a0Fourth Amendment\u2019s\u00a0\u2018reasonableness\u2019 standard. The\u00a0Fourth Amendment\u00a0is narrower and \u2018plac[es] less emphasis on preshooting conduct.\u2019\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>Include the final bracketed paragraph only if the defendant claims that the person being arrested resisted arrest or threatened resistance. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Legislative Findings re Use of Force by Law Enforcement.\u00a0Penal Code section 835a(a).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Use of Objectively Reasonable Force to Arrest.\u00a0Penal Code section 835a(b).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">When Peace Officer Need Not Retreat.\u00a0Penal Code section 835a(d).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Definitions.\u00a0Penal Code section 835a(e).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThere is an abundance of authority permitting a plaintiff to go to the jury on both intentional and negligent tort theories, even though they are inconsistent. It has often been pointed out that there is no prohibition against pleading inconsistent causes of action stated in as many ways as plaintiff believes his evidence will show, and he is entitled to recover if one well pleaded count is supported by the evidence.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Grudt v. City of Los Angeles<\/span>\u00a0(1970) 2 Cal.3d 575, 586 [86 Cal.Rptr. 465, 468 P.2d 825].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe evidence relevant to negligence and intentional tort overlaps here and presents a case similar to\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Grudt<\/span>.\u2009\u2026 [\u00b6] This court held it was reversible error to exclude the negligence issue from the jury even though plaintiff also had pled intentional tort. The court pointed to the rule that a party may proceed on inconsistent causes of action unless a nonsuit is appropriate.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Munoz v. Olin<\/span>\u00a0(1979) 24 Cal.3d 629, 635 [156 Cal.Rptr. 727, 596 P.2d 1143].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cConsistent with these principles and the factors the high court has identified, the federal court in this case did not instruct the jury to conduct some abstract or nebulous balancing of competing interests. Instead, as noted above, it instructed the jury to determine the reasonableness of the officers\u2019 actions in light of \u2018the totality of the circumstances at the time,\u2019 including \u2018the severity of the crime at issue, whether the plaintiff posed a reasonable threat to the safety of the officer or others, and whether the plaintiff was actively resisting detention or attempting to escape.\u2019 The same consideration of the totality of the circumstances is required in determining reasonableness under California negligence law. Moreover, California\u2019s civil jury instructions specifically direct the jury, in determining whether police officers used unreasonable force for purposes of tort liability, to consider the same factors that the high court has identified and that the federal court\u2019s instructions in this case set forth. (Judicial Council of Cal. Civ. Jury Instns. (2008) CACI No. 1305.) Thus, plaintiffs err in arguing that the federal and state standards of reasonableness differ in that the former involves a fact finder\u2019s balancing of competing interests.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hernandez, supra<\/span>, 46 Cal.4th at p. 514, internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cDetermining whether the force used to effect a particular seizure is \u2018reasonable\u2019 under the\u00a0Fourth Amendment\u00a0requires a careful balancing of \u2018\u2009\u201cthe nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual\u2019s\u00a0Fourth Amendment\u00a0interests\u201d\u2009\u2019 against the countervailing governmental interests at stake. Our\u00a0Fourth Amendment\u00a0jurisprudence has long recognized that the right to make an arrest or investigatory stop necessarily carries with it the right to use some degree of physical coercion or threat thereof to effect it. Because \u2018[t]he test of reasonableness under the\u00a0Fourth Amendment\u00a0is not capable of precise definition or mechanical application,\u2019 however, its proper application requires careful attention to the facts and circumstances of each particular case, including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Graham, supra<\/span>, 490 U.S. at p. 396, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe most important of these [<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Graham<\/span>\u00a0factors, above] is whether the suspect posed an immediate threat to the officers or others, as measured objectively under the circumstances.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mendoza v. City of West Covina<\/span>\u00a0(2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 702, 712 [141 Cal.Rptr.3d 553].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cPlaintiff must prove unreasonable force as an element of the tort.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Edson v. City of Anaheim<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 1269, 1272 [74 Cal.Rptr.2d 614].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018\u2009\u201cThe \u2018reasonableness\u2019 of a particular use of force must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20\/20 vision of hindsight.\u2009\u2026 [T]he question is whether the officers\u2019 actions are \u2018objectively reasonable\u2019 in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent or motivation.\u2009\u2026\u201d\u2009\u2019 In calculating whether the amount of force was excessive, a trier of fact must recognize that peace officers are often forced to make split-second judgments, in tense circumstances, concerning the amount of force required.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Brown v. Ransweiler<\/span>\u00a0(2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 516, 527\u2013528 [89 Cal.Rptr.3d 801], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[A]s long as an officer\u2019s conduct falls within the range of conduct that is reasonable under the circumstances, there is no requirement that he or she choose the \u201cmost reasonable\u201d action or the conduct that is the least likely to cause harm and at the same time the most likely to result in the successful apprehension of a violent suspect, in order to avoid liability for negligence.\u2019\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hayes<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">supra<\/span>, 57 Cal.4th at p. 632.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe California Supreme Court did not address whether decisions before non-deadly force can be actionable negligence, but addressed this issue only in the context of \u2018deadly force.\u2019\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Mulligan v. Nichols<\/span>\u00a0(9th Cir. 2016) 835 F.3d 983, 991, fn. 7.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]here is no right to use force, reasonable or otherwise, to resist an unlawful detention\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Evans v. City of Bakersfield<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 321, 333 [27 Cal.Rptr.2d 406].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[E]xecution of an unlawful arrest or detention does not give license to an individual to strike or assault the officer\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">unless<\/span>\u00a0excessive force is used or threatened; excessive force in that event triggers the individual\u2019s right of self-defense.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Evans, supra,<\/span>\u00a022 Cal.App.4th at p. 331, original italics, internal citation omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>5 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u2009496<\/div>\n<div>3 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 41,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Assault and Battery<\/span>, \u00a7\u200941.24\u00a0seq. (Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>6\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 58,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Assault and Battery<\/span>, \u00a7\u200958.22\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-ox1k0-87ad5758aa8ef1a50c9b30ca0e590b86 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kelk8-75c513ba66b83862e69474f4d7a97d37\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-kelk8-75c513ba66b83862e69474f4d7a97d37 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kelk8-75c513ba66b83862e69474f4d7a97d37 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-448","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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