{"id":452,"date":"2021-10-25T04:06:26","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T04:06:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=452"},"modified":"2022-05-02T21:33:39","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T21:33:39","slug":"caci-432-affirmative-defense-causation-third-party-conduct-as-superseding-cause-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-432-affirmative-defense-causation-third-party-conduct-as-superseding-cause-2\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 432 Affirmative Defense\u2014Causation: Third-Party Conduct as Superseding Cause"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5e7ss3-c38f10af27b8b6e100c8ab2c4d00afaf\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku5e7ss3-c38f10af27b8b6e100c8ab2c4d00afaf{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku5e7ss3-c38f10af27b8b6e100c8ab2c4d00afaf .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku5e7ss3-c38f10af27b8b6e100c8ab2c4d00afaf .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku5e7ss3-c38f10af27b8b6e100c8ab2c4d00afaf av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 432 Affirmative Defense\u2014Causation: Third-Party Conduct as Superseding Cause<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7\">\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchform_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-color:#edae44;\nbackground-color:#edae44;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #s.av-input-field{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 #searchsubmit{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n#top .avia_search_element.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7 .av_searchsubmit_wrapper{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.ajax_search_response.av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nmargin:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia_search_element av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><search><form action='https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/' id='searchform_element' method='get' class='' data-element_id='av-avia_sc_search-f7f83518637509acfac1c9900b84c1e7' ><div class='av_searchform_wrapper'><input type='search' value='' id='s' name='s' placeholder='Search CACI' aria-label='Search CACI' class='av-input-field ' required \/><div class='av_searchsubmit_wrapper '><input type='submit' value='Find' id='searchsubmit' class='button ' title='View results on search page' aria-label='View results on search page' \/><\/div><input type='hidden' name='numberposts' value='8' \/><input type='hidden' name='post_type' value='page' \/><input type='hidden' name='results_hide_fields' value='post_titles,meta,image' \/><\/div><\/form><\/search><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-e878f05c31dff72941bf1e49a00d9ff5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5e963v-42f10490632248f1031f65ac13652ec5\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku5e963v-42f10490632248f1031f65ac13652ec5 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku5e963v-42f10490632248f1031f65ac13652ec5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">432\u00a0Affirmative Defense\u2014Causation: Third-Party Conduct as Superseding Cause<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [he\/she\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/it] is not responsible for [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm because of the later misconduct of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert name of third party<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]. To avoid legal responsibility for the harm, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of third party<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct occurred after the conduct of [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That a reasonable person would consider [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of third party<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct a highly unusual or an extraordinary response to the situation;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] did not know and had no reason to expect that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of third party<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] would act in a [negligent\/wrongful] manner; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That the kind of harm resulting from [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of third party<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct was different from the kind of harm that could have been reasonably expected from [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s conduct. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003; Revised June 2011, December 2011 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Directions for Use<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p>A superseding cause instruction should be given if the issue is raised by the evidence. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Paverud v. Niagara Machine and Tool Works<\/span>\u00a0(1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 858, 863 [234 Cal.Rptr. 585]; disapproved in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Soule v. General Motors Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1994) 8 Cal. 4th 548, 574, 580 [34 Cal.Rptr.2d 607, 882 P.2d. 298]\u00a0[there is no rule of automatic reversal or inherent prejudice applicable to any category of civil instructional error].) The issue of superseding cause should be addressed directly in a specific instruction. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Self v. General Motors Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(1974) 42 Cal.App.3d 1, 10 [116 Cal.Rptr. 575]; disapproved in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Soule, supra<\/span>, 8 Cal. 4th at p. 580.)<\/p>\n<p>Superseding cause is an affirmative defense that must be proved by the defendant. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Maupin v. Widling<\/span>\u00a0(1987) 192 Cal.App.3d 568, 578 [237 Cal.Rptr. 521].) Therefore, the elements of this instruction are phrased in the affirmative and require the defendant to prove that they are all present in order to establish superseding cause. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Martinez v. Vintage Petroleum<\/span>\u00a0(1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 695, 702 [80 Cal.Rptr.2d 449].)<\/p>\n<p>If, as a matter of law, a party is liable for subsequent negligence, as in subsequent medical negligence, this instruction should not be given. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018It is well established \u2026 that one\u2019s general duty to exercise due care includes the duty not to place another person in a situation in which the other person is exposed to an unreasonable risk of harm through the reasonably foreseeable conduct (including the reasonably foreseeable negligent conduct) of a third person.\u2019 In determining whether one has a duty to prevent injury that is the result of third party conduct, the touchstone of the analysis is the foreseeability of that intervening conduct.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Kesner v. Superior Court<\/span>\u00a0(2016) 1 Cal.5th 1132, 1148 [210 Cal.Rptr.3d 283, 384 P.3d 283], internal citation omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThis issue is concerned with whether or not, assuming that a defendant was negligent and that his negligence was an actual cause of the plaintiff\u2019s injury, the defendant should be held responsible for the plaintiff\u2019s injury where the injury was brought about by a later cause of independent origin. This question, in turn, revolves around a determination of whether the later cause of independent origin, commonly referred to as an intervening cause, was foreseeable by the defendant or, if not foreseeable, whether it caused injury of a type which was foreseeable. If either of these questions is answered in the affirmative, then the defendant is not relieved from liability towards the plaintiff; if, however, it is determined that the intervening cause was not foreseeable and that the results which it caused were not foreseeable, then the intervening cause becomes a supervening cause and the defendant is relieved from liability for the plaintiff\u2019s injuries.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Akins v. County of Sonoma<\/span>\u00a0(1967) 67 Cal.2d 185, 199 [60 Cal.Rptr. 499, 430 P.2d 57].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018A superseding cause is an act of a third person or other force which by its intervention prevents the actor from being liable for harm to another which his antecedent negligence is a substantial factor in bringing about.\u2019 If the cause is superseding, it relieves the actor from liability whether or not that person\u2019s negligence was a substantial factor in bringing about the harm.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Brewer v. Teano<\/span>\u00a0(1995) 40 Cal.App.4th 1024, 1031 [47 Cal.Rptr.2d 348], internal citation omitted; see\u00a0Restatement 2d of Torts, \u00a7\u2009440.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe rules set forth in\u00a0sections 442\u2013453 of the Restatement of Torts\u00a0for determining whether an intervening act of a third person constitutes a superseding cause which prevents antecedent negligence of the defendant from being a proximate cause of the harm complained of have been accepted in California. Under these rules the fact that an intervening act of a third person is done in a negligent manner does not make it a superseding cause if a reasonable man knowing the situation existing when the act of the third person is done would not regard it as highly extraordinary that the third person so acted or the act is a normal response to a situation created by the defendant\u2019s conduct and the manner in which the intervening act is done is not extraordinarily negligent.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Stewart v. Cox<\/span>\u00a0(1961) 55 Cal.2d 857, 864 [13 Cal.Rptr. 521, 362 P.2d 345], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThis test is but another way of saying that foreseeable intervening ordinary negligence will not supersede but such negligence, if \u2018highly extraordinary,\u2019 will supersede. [\u00b6] \u2018[T]he fact that an intervening act of a third person is done in a negligent manner does not make it a superseding cause if \u2026 the act is a normal response to a situation created by the defendant\u2019s conduct and the manner in which the intervening act is done is not extraordinarily negligent.\u2009\u2026\u2019 This test is but another way of saying a normal, but negligent, intervening response will not supersede but an extraordinarily negligent response will supersede.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Martinez, supra<\/span>, 68 Cal.App.4th at p. 701\u00a0[holding that highly extraordinary negligence or extraordinarily negligent response obviates need to prove unforeseeable risk of harm].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIntervening negligence cuts off liability, and becomes known as a superseding cause, if \u2018\u2009\u201cit is determined that the intervening cause was not foreseeable\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">and<\/span>\u00a0that the results which it caused were not foreseeable\u2009\u2026\u2009.\u201d\u2009\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Martinez, supra<\/span>, 68 Cal.App.4th at pp. 700\u2013701, original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018[T]he defense of \u201csuperseding cause[]\u201d \u2026 absolves [the original] tortfeasor, even though his conduct\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">was a<\/span>\u00a0substantial contributing factor, when an independent event [subsequently] intervenes in the chain of causation, producing harm of a kind and degree so far beyond the risk the original tortfeasor should have foreseen that the law deems it unfair to hold him responsible.\u2019 \u2026 [\u00b6] To determine whether an independent intervening act was reasonably foreseeable, we look to the act and the nature of the harm suffered. To qualify as a superseding cause so as to relieve the defendant from liability for the plaintiff\u2019s injuries, both the intervening act and the results of that act must not be foreseeable. Significantly, \u2018what is required to be foreseeable is the general character of the event or harm \u2026 not its precise nature or manner of occurrence.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Chanda v. Federal Home Loans Corp.<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 746, 755\u2013756 [155 Cal.Rptr.3d 693], original italics, internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c\u2009\u2018Third party negligence which is the immediate cause of an injury may be viewed as a superseding cause when it is so highly extraordinary as to be unforeseeable.\u2009\u2026 \u201cThe foreseeability required is of the risk of harm, not of the particular intervening act. In other words, the defendant may be liable if his conduct was \u2018a substantial factor\u2019 in bringing about the harm, though he neither foresaw nor should have foreseen the extent of the harm or the manner in which it occurred.\u201d \u2026 It must appear that the intervening act has produced \u201charm of a kind and degree so far beyond the risk the original tortfeasor should have foreseen that the law deems it unfair to hold him responsible.\u201d \u2026 [\u00b6] \u2026 [F]oreseeability is a question for the jury unless undisputed facts leave no room for a reasonable difference of opinion.\u2009\u2026 Thus, the issue of superseding cause is generally one of fact.\u2009\u2026\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Lawson v. Safeway Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(2010) 191 Cal.App.4th 400, 417 [119 Cal.Rptr.3d 366].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe intervening negligence (or even recklessness) of a third party will not be considered a superseding cause if it is a \u2018normal response to a situation created by the defendant\u2019s conduct\u2019 and is therefore \u2018\u2009\u201c\u2026 within the scope of the reasons [for] imposing the duty upon [the defendant] to refrain from negligent conduct\u201d\u2009\u2019 in the first place.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pedeferri v. Seidner Enterprises<\/span>\u00a0(2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 359, 373 [163 Cal.Rptr.3d 55], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cUnder the theory of supervening cause, the chain of causation that would otherwise flow from an initial negligent act is broken when an independent act intervenes and supersedes the initial act.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Hardison v. Bushnell<\/span>\u00a0(1993) 18 Cal.App.4th 22, 26 [22 Cal.Rptr.2d 106].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[T]he intervening and superseding act itself need not necessarily be a negligent or intentional tort. For example, the culpability of the third person committing the intervening or superseding act is just one factor in determining if an intervening force is a new and independent superseding cause.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ash v. North American Title Co.<\/span>\u00a0(2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1258, 1277 [168 Cal.Rptr.3d 499]\u00a0[unforeseeable bankruptcy can be superseding cause].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cWhether an intervening force is superseding or not generally presents a question of fact, but becomes a matter of law where only one reasonable conclusion may be reached.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ash, supra<\/span>, 223 Cal.App.4th at p. 1274.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201c[O]ne does not reach the issue of superseding cause until one is satisfied that the record supports a finding of negligence on the part of the defendant and a further finding that but for such negligence the accident would not have occurred. This, at least, has been the approach of our Supreme Court.\u2009\u2026 [S]uch an approach may be analytically wrong, because a finding that plaintiff\u2019s harm was due to a superseding cause, is, in reality, a finding that the cause which injured the plaintiff was not a part of the risk created by the defendant.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ewart v. Southern California Gas Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1965) 237 Cal.App.2d 163, 169 [46 Cal.Rptr. 631].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe potential for error in the [instruction] lies in the ambiguity of the words \u2018extraordinary\u2019 and \u2018abnormal.\u2019 These terms could be interpreted as meaning either: A. Unforeseeable (unpredictable, statistically extremely improbable, etc.);\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">or<\/span>\u00a0B. Outside the scope of that which would be done by ordinary man. The instruction was correct if interpreted in sense A, since defendant\u2019s conduct would not in fact give rise to liability if the criminal act were unforeseeable. However, the instruction was incorrect if interpreted in sense B. Such an interpretation would almost invariably preclude liability for failure to police against criminal conduct, since there are very few situations indeed to which ordinary men would respond by committing serious criminal offenses. Yet it is not the law that one has no duty to protect against foreseeable criminal acts.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Campodonico v. State Auto Parks, Inc.<\/span>\u00a0(1970) 10 Cal.App.3d 803, 807 [89 Cal.Rptr. 270], original italics.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cProximate cause analysis is also concerned with intervening forces operating independent of defendant\u2019s conduct. Multiple elements are weighed in determining whether an intervening force is a superseding cause of harm to the plaintiff, thus absolving defendant from liability: \u2018(a) the fact that its intervention brings about harm different in kind from that which would otherwise have resulted from the actor\u2019s negligence; [\u00b6] (b) the fact that its operation or the consequences thereof appear after the event to be extraordinary rather than normal in view of the circumstances existing at the time of its operation; [\u00b6] (c) the fact that the intervening force is operating independently of any situation created by the actor\u2019s negligence, or, on the other hand, is or is not a normal result of such a situation; [\u00b6] (d) the fact that the operation of the intervening force is due to a third person\u2019s act or to his failure to act; [\u00b6] (e) the fact that the intervening force is due to an act of a third person which is wrongful toward the other and as such subjects the third person to liability to him; [\u00b6] (f) the degree of culpability of a wrongful act of a third person which sets the intervening force in motion.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Novak v. Continental Tire North America<\/span>\u00a0(2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 189, 197 [231 Cal.Rptr.3d 324], internal citations omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091348, 1349<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 2(II)-O,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Causation Issues<\/span>, \u00b6\u20092:2444 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>Haning et al., California Practice Guide: Personal Injury, Ch. 2(II)-D,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Strict Liability For Defective Products<\/span>, \u00b6\u20092:1326 (The Rutter Group)<\/div>\n<div>California Tort Guide (Cont.Ed.Bar 3d ed.) \u00a7\u20091.17<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 2,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Causation<\/span>, \u00a7\u20092.11\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>California Products Liability Actions, Ch. 2,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Liability for Defective Products<\/span>, \u00a7\u20092.22\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>33\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 380,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u2009380.74\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>16\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 165,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u2009165.301,\u00a0165.321\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-puo7g-39fb8fcfe501fbe8d1e8f610ee5e47e6 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ils8c-dd65f36efdac088f481fd71f1351862f\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ils8c-dd65f36efdac088f481fd71f1351862f .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ils8c-dd65f36efdac088f481fd71f1351862f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-452","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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