{"id":466,"date":"2021-10-25T03:57:28","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T03:57:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/?page_id=466"},"modified":"2022-05-02T21:47:49","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T21:47:49","slug":"caci-460-strict-liability-for-ultrahazardous-activities-essential-factual-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/caci-460-strict-liability-for-ultrahazardous-activities-essential-factual-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"CACI 460 Strict Liability for Ultrahazardous Activities\u2014Essential Factual Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5f3l4b-aaa6a8e881dfa3b7b6072e2825781318\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ku5f3l4b-aaa6a8e881dfa3b7b6072e2825781318{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ku5f3l4b-aaa6a8e881dfa3b7b6072e2825781318 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ku5f3l4b-aaa6a8e881dfa3b7b6072e2825781318 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ku5f3l4b-aaa6a8e881dfa3b7b6072e2825781318 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >CACI 460 Strict Liability for Ultrahazardous Activities\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>California Civil Jury Instructions CACI<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_avia_sc_search '><span class='hr-inner '><span 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itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\/\">CACI Jury Instructions Index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/caci-fillable-forms.crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">App: CACI Jury Instructions Fillable Forms Word Format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-91d7ccd583a503147498e120fee2ff9b hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ku5f51au-0a1c8999556f403f1f5e02fca9e69345\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ku5f51au-0a1c8999556f403f1f5e02fca9e69345 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ku5f51au-0a1c8999556f403f1f5e02fca9e69345 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"SS_Banner\">460\u00a0Strict Liability for Ultrahazardous Activities\u2014Essential Factual Elements<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">[<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] claims that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was engaged in an ultrahazardous activity that caused [him\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/it] to be harmed and that [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is responsible for that harm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">People who engage in ultrahazardous activities are responsible for the harm these activities cause others, regardless of how carefully they carry out these activities. [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Insert ultrahazardous activity<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] is an ultrahazardous activity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">To establish [his\/her\/<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">nonbinary pronoun<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">\/its] claim, [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] must prove all of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">1.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was engaged in [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert ultrahazardous activity<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">];<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">2.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was harmed;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">3.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm was the kind of harm that would be anticipated as a result of the risk created by [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert ultrahazardous activity<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]; and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">4.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">That [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of defendant<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">insert ultrahazardous activity<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">] was a substantial factor in causing [<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">name of plaintiff<\/span><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\">]\u2019s harm. <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\"><\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_1\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">New September 2003 <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">Crowdsource Lawyers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci\">https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/judicial-council-california-civil-jury-instructions-caci<\/a><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<h2 class=\"SS_HideShowSection SS_Expandable\">Sources and Authority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_2\">\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe doctrine of ultrahazardous activity provides that one who undertakes an ultrahazardous activity is liable to every person who is injured as a proximate result of that activity, regardless of the amount of care he uses.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Pierce v. Pacific Gas &amp; Electric Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1985) 166 Cal.App.3d 68, 85 [212 Cal.Rptr. 283], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Whether an activity is ultrahazardous is a question of law to be determined by the court. (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Luthringer v. Moore<\/span>\u00a0(1948) 31 Cal.2d 489, 496 [190 P.2d 1].)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Restatement of Torts Second, section 519, provides:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(1)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">One who carries on an abnormally dangerous activity is subject to liability for harm to the person, land or chattels of another resulting from the activity, although he has exercised the utmost care to prevent the harm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(2)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">This strict liability is limited to the kind of harm, the possibility of which makes the activity abnormally dangerous.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Restatement of Torts Second, section 520, provides:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>In determining whether an activity is abnormally dangerous, the following factors are to be considered:<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(a)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">existence of a high degree of risk of some harm to the person, land or chattels of others;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(b)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">likelihood that the harm that results from it will be great;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(c)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">inability to eliminate the risk by the exercise of reasonable care;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(d)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">extent to which the activity is not a matter of common usage;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(e)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">inappropriateness of the activity to the place where it is carried on; and<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">(f)<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">extent to which its value to the community is outweighed by its dangerous attributes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Section 519 formerly provided, in part, that \u201cone who carries on an ultrahazardous activity is liable to another whose person, land or chattels the actor should recognize is likely to be harmed by the unpreventable miscarriage of the activity for harm resulting thereto from that which makes the activity ultrahazardous, although the utmost care is exercised to prevent the harm.\u201d This section was followed by the court in\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Luthringer, supra<\/span><span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">,<\/span>\u00a0and by other courts in subsequent cases. (See\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Garcia v. Estate of Norton<\/span>\u00a0(1986) 183 Cal.App.3d 413, 418 [228 Cal.Rptr. 108].) This statement regarding forseeability is evidently still good law in California, even though the wording of section 519 does not presently contain the limitation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Strict liability in this context has been confined to \u201cconsequences which lie within the extraordinary risk posed by the abnormally dangerous activity and is limited to the \u2018class of persons who are threatened by the abnormal danger, and the kind of damage they may be expected to incur.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Goodwin v. Reilley<\/span>\u00a0(1985) 176 Cal.App.3d 86, 92 [221 Cal.Rptr. 374], citing Prosser &amp; Keeton, The Law of Torts (5th ed. 1984) \u00a7\u200975, p. 562.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cThe important factor is that certain activities under certain conditions may be so hazardous to the public generally, and of such relative infrequent occurrence, that it may well call for strict liability as the best public policy.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Luthringer, supra,<\/span>\u00a031 Cal.2d at p. 500.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">\u201cIt is axiomatic that an essential element of a plaintiff\u2019s cause of action, whether based on negligence or strict liability, is the existence of a causal connection between defendant\u2019s act and the injury which plaintiff suffered.\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Smith v. Lockheed Propulsion Co.<\/span>\u00a0(1967) 247 Cal.App.2d 774, 780 [56 Cal.Rptr. 128], internal citations omitted.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"SS_ListLabel\">\u2022<\/span><span class=\"SS_ListItemContent\">Defendant contended that the strict liability doctrine \u201ccannot be applied unless the defendant is aware of the abnormally dangerous condition or activity.\u201d This is unsound: One who carried on such an \u201cactivity is liable for injuries to a person whom the actor reasonably should recognize as likely to be harmed \u2026\u2009, even though \u2018the utmost care is exercised to prevent the harm.\u2019\u2009\u201d (<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Garcia, supra<\/span>, 183 Cal.App.3d at p. 420, internal citation omitted.) <br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"SS_Heading\"><span class=\"SS_bf\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_bf\"><span class=\"SS_ib\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_ib\">Secondary Sources<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>6 Witkin, Summary of California Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, \u00a7\u00a7\u20091575\u20131588 et seq.<\/div>\n<div>1 Levy et al.,\u00a0California Torts, Ch. 7,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Strict Liability for Hazardous Activities<\/span>, \u00a7\u00a7\u20097.01\u20137.06\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1\u00a0California Environmental Law &amp; Land Use Practice, Ch. 1,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Nuisance, Trespass, and Strict Liability for Ultrahazardous Activities<\/span>\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1A\u00a0California Trial Guide, Unit 11,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Opening Statement<\/span>, \u00a7\u200911.55\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>33\u00a0California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. 380,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Negligence<\/span>\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>23\u00a0California Points and Authorities, Ch. 234,\u00a0<span class=\"SS_it\" data-housestyle=\"EMPHASIS_it\">Ultrahazardous Activities<\/span>\u00a0(Matthew Bender)<\/div>\n<div>1 California Civil Practice: Torts \u00a7\u00a7\u20092:4\u20132:10 (Thomson Reuters)<\/div>\n<div class=\"SS_Note\">\n<div id=\"TRNotes_n_3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-s6hyq-3f6de7fe6e7cf82ed03330438b269e60 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l7on6-428c410d763596bd521f35928437667b\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-l7on6-428c410d763596bd521f35928437667b .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:22px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l7on6-428c410d763596bd521f35928437667b '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/crowdsourcelawyers.com\/\">CrowdSourceLawyers.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-466","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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